241 comments on DrumBeat: October 2, 2006
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241 comments on DrumBeat: October 2, 2006
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This is an important aspect of the infrastructure situation that I have not seen addressed at all in the Peak Oil/sustainable society literature.
Though a newly paved asphalt stretch is certainly more comfortable to ride over, the difference between it and the brick (when well done) is not that great - especially considering the number of paths which people ride over fields or through forests - those tend to be a bit harder going.
Such simple solutions are the sort of thing which people need to think about - the bricks seem to last decades, whereas asphalt has a much shorter lifespan. Of course, we all know that only asphalt or concrete, handled by heavy equipment, is the only way for humans to build roadways - even for bicycles or walking.
- The weather is more extreme, especially in terms of water/ice. European weather is more temperate (boring) than the weather I grew up with in Northern Virginia.
- The Germans do a much better job building this way. For example, a good number of Aldi parking lots here are made like this, and even after years of cars and the regular 18 wheel delivery trucks, the parking lot is still in fine shape. The various brick shapes, tools, equipment (compacting the soil and sand especially), training, etc. are well tested in practice.
- Unlike in America, the German emphasis tends to be on the long term - in other words, the job is done right since it is supposed to last, not merely save money or be attractive. This also includes maintenance.
Personally, it is a good bet that the weather is a solid reason for the difference, but the other two factors also play a major role. All the work I have seen in America wouldn't be acceptable here for even the most casually done homeowner job.Although I have been to other European cities (not German) where they had pavers hundreds of years old, only they did have slight uneveness to them. This is one of the reasons that sturdy walking shoes are helpful. We now adhere to ADA (American with Disabilities Act) that I think requires a certain smoothness to all surfaces and it was this requirement also that I think drove Arlington to go back to concrete.
But with some experience in pushing people in wheelchairs here, I can say that the German sidewalks definitely stand up well to comparison.
It also occurs to that Germans use fairly heavy and largish bricks in general, while the stones I have seen in American are quite small.
The key with pavers and indeed any pavement is the base. I think inproper base preparation is often the reason you see them fail.
They are going down my street now and tearing up and repouring 5-20 foot lengths of concrete sidewalk where the sections have heaved, mostly due to tree roots.
The downside is that the number one expense of making bricks is energy. so the cost of bricks will rise in lock step with energy. The energy source, however, is flexible. Electric heat or direct burning of coal or gas are most common, but gas from landfills is also being used. Some brick factories are placed next to sawmills and burn sawdust and scrap wood as the energy source. Many brick factories close during winter months due to high NG prices.
Seriously, one issue we have with concrete pavers is aesthetics. They look nice when you first install them, but after a few weeks or months, weeds start growing between the cracks. Property owners find this very unattractive. The solution? Spray herbicide regularly.
But probably the main reason we don't use pavers more often is the expense. Asphalt is a lot cheaper.
No, no...just kidding. Harmless little buggers that grow no more than 1/4 inch.
BTW, they are called earwigs because they infest corn ears; specifically the silks, which they will eat. This leads to ears missing rows of kernals. Sometimes, if there are enough earwigs, there is a complete absence of kernals...pretty poor eating, that.
Bicycle paths need hardly any upkeep, if built well, whether asphalt or paved. Spivak and Hart's The elephant in the bedroom states the example of university campuses as good use of roads. Negligible maintenance.
There are cobblestone roads in Europe that are 100's of years old. Zero maintenance.
Decrease traffic, and it makes little difference what you make the road of. But then comes stormwater runoff. The idea that screwed up everything, especially in urban areas, is 'facilitating traffic', making them move as fast as possible. The opposite is much better: make it hard to go faster than a bicylce, that should be the speed limit. There is research that says that in areas where 25 years ago kids could move freely around the house at age 5, now it's age 9 or 10. That's 5 extra years of TV and video games. And fat.
I think there are two different explanations for this -
- The paving base. Clays and soils containing organic matter are bad. They allow the base to slowly compress over time. Virginia, if I remember correctly, has a lot of clayey soils. Drainable gravels and sand, when well compacted, are very strong bases. Roads built on solid rock last the longest.
- The size of the traffic that goes over the paving. Large vehicle like trucks damage the base and the paving materials far more than small vehicles.
- The weather. Freeze thaw cycles and de-icing materials such as salt can deteriorate a road surface very quickly.
- and finally high traffic volume of traffic also increases wear-and-tear.
I suspect that German paving stones last well because of good base preparation and favorable traffic characteristics.Though the truck part seems to be obviously true, it is surprising to see how well different parking lots hold up under the 18 wheel (more like 12 wheel, but still the same size tractor trailer) trucks - possibly, that section of the parking lot is built to higher standards, or the trucks drive carefully, to reduce the impact. Or simply a couple of trucks a day doesn't really play a role.
My street, St. Andrew, is 28 feet wide (~8.3 m), one way, with cars parked on both sides. The speed limit of 25 mph (40 kph)and common sense keeps traffic slower than that :-)
Narrow streets with rare off-street parking also keep urban density high. More area for people & parks & green, less for autos.
Best Hopes,
Alan
Bad roads probably would mean a fatter tires in general.
I really wish the Ivy League schools provided high-quality classical education. Any "person of means" has a lot to learn from the history of city states in ancient Greece...
Meanwhile, really fat tires work well for me on the trikes with trailers.
We have some bad roads here in Minneapolis. We also have chunks of ice and ice ruts in the winter time. These make for some rough riding!
Much depends on how much the upper and middle classes try to maintain the easy-motoring lifestyle at the expense of everyone else, and how that class wrfare plays out.
If we work together, we might create a more sustainable transportation system. If we move into even greater economic stratification -- whoch is the current trend -- we will not create a better, more sustainable transportation system.
If we continue to follow the path we are following, we will end up with bad roads and increased violence occuring on those roads. That will be as big a consideration -- or bigger -- than potholes.
The front page of the local paper here talks about San Jose having the worst roads in the country, and I agree, in the city center / older industrial area and the older neighborhoods. At least traffic speeds are lower there, meanwhile out on the sprawly edges, the streets are long, streight, and smooth, and new.
The conclusion of the local paper's writer is that the roads are worst in San Jose and a bunch of other California places because of all the large heavy vehicles, trucks and yes they mention SUVs by name, er, acronym.
The problem would be if we attempted to maintain the entire road network with only the resources for a much smaller system, so that the whole system turned into pothole rubble at the same time. In that case, I would expect to see crews out there with hot patch filling in just enough for the 9' single-lane that the bicyclists and buses use.
New York City, from its financial breakdown in 1976, well into the 1980s.
I assume (but don't know) that Detroit is pretty close to that, now.
Let all these urban roadways deteriorate and provide light rail in their place. Those who choose to persist in experiencing the American dream/nighmare can put up with the roadway conditions. Alternatively, they can choose to pay the full costs of maintaining those roads with some kind of toll arrangement.
One of the obvious reasons for the increased deterioration is the increased use in passenger miles and weight of vehicles. We should be heading the other way --- decreased use and decreased size.
Ultimately, we need to dismantle the whole system and exclude cars from urban areas.
The League of American Bicyclists recommends that the road is for all travelers. Cyclists belong on the road. Roads generally go everywhere people need to go. Bike paths don't and won't ever. My memory of Munich is a good one. Good public transportation, some off road bike lanes and striped on-road bike lanes almost everywhere else.
tstreet writes again - Ultimately, we need to dismantle the whole system and exclude cars from urban areas.
Excluding cars from urban areas isn't going to happen. But good planning and implementation for improving cycling in major cities is occurring at this moment. It's achievable and happening now.
Cyclists can and should work together to improve their cycling experience.
It's nice to think we should all share the road but then there is the problem that some in vehicles are not so good at sharing.
While I don't think we will ever experience widespread traffic free cities in my life time, I think peak oil will certainly encourage efforts to make the goddamn auto less ubiquitous. When I lived in Frankfurt, the quietest and most traffic free part of the city was downtown in all those wonderful pedestrian only areas. Maybe if more people in the U.S. could experience this, they would get behind it.
And, oh yeah, the car free downtown Boulder Mall is another tribute to smart and far sighted planning. The only shame is that is has not been made even more extensive.
Now, if you can have an off-road path that goes for a very long distance (some miles) without intersections - especially intersections at corners - that's better. There are a couple of those in my area. However, the tendency is that if an area is rural enough for a long stretch to be possible, the volume of traffic (bicycles and cars) is unlikely to be seen as high enough to warrant the path.
Another way to partially solve the problem is to do what seems to be done in some new areas in Holland - the bike paths go down the middle of the blocks and meet the streets there, rather than at the corners. However, that gives two stopping-points per block. It would probably be a political non-starter anywhere in the U.S., and it might bring traffic to a standstill in some places.
One of the political parties has advocated banning private cars from central Copenhagen and depending upon their Metro, bicycles and buses.
Best Hopes,
Alan
Regarding the article on crumbling roads and their effects on cars: Crumbling roads are also a major problem for bicyclists (as I can attest from ample personal experience). If roads really do crumble into oblivion a la Kunstler in coming years, then this will be a major impediment towards making the bicycle a viable substitute for motorized forms of transport.
This is an important aspect of the infrastructure situation that I have not seen addressed at all in the Peak Oil/sustainable society literature.
Thats what mountain bikes are for. :)
http://www.cybersalt.org/cleanlaugh/images/05/carbackfire.htm
And it sucks.
Bikes on sidewalks should be restricted to walking speed. Bikes on streets should be immune from some regulations that apply to cars. I am pro-bike rights, but think they should be on the street. Food delivery by bike should be restricted to streets.
I don't think young kids should have to ride in traffic, but neither do I think they have a right to terrorize and potentially injure elderly on sidewalks.
It's one thing to get popped by 200lb bike going 20mph and another to get popped by a 4,000lb vehicle going 40mph. Get hit by a bike and you're looking at some broken bones and a concussion at the most...get hit by a car, death.
The problem is that drivers don't look for bikes on the sidewalk. They're looking at the road. Many a bicyclist has been killed on the sidewalk by a car coming out of a driveway, or when coming off a sidewalk into an intersecton.
Oh definitely...it's like a multiplication of 1,000 by the number of intersections that you cross by riding on the sidewalk and like you say, no one looks there. I've almost wiped someone out that was doing that before...I was pulling out of a side street, looked left - clear, looked right - clear, looked back left and just before I started to go I caught the movement out of the side of my eye.
My point was just that the comparison of the danger between car and bicycle and bicycle and pedestrian is just leagues apart. Where the car is likely to kill and almost certain to do serious hurt, a bicycle is more likely to bruise egos than anything else.
I'm guessing you've never heard of a mountain bike. These mystical bikes can actually travel on gravel roads, down creek beds, over roots, broken pavement, over curbs and across many other surfaces that would instantly pop the tires/bend rims/break the frame of a skiny tired road bike.
/end sarcasm
Seriously though, rough roads are sucky when you're used to smooth pavement but bicycles have been around for about forever and unless they're a whiz bang roadie azz-hatchet with skinny tires and a light frame, they'll do just fine. If you ever notice places where societies used/use bicycles as daily transportation, most of them prefer the more upright and wide tired bikes we refer to as "comfort bicycles" or beach cruisers.