Regarding the article on crumbling roads and their effects on cars:  Crumbling roads are also a major problem for bicyclists (as I can attest from ample personal experience).  If roads really do crumble into oblivion a la Kunstler in coming years, then this will be a major impediment towards making the bicycle a viable substitute for motorized forms of transport.    

This is an important aspect of the infrastructure situation that I have not seen addressed at all in the Peak Oil/sustainable society literature.

Well, in Germany, a large number of the sidewalks are actually flat brick/cinder blocks - laid by hand, pounded in over sand, generally staying level for years. If the underlying pipes/cables need to be accessed, the 'bricks' are simply picked up, piled, and then placed again. In some areas around here, asphalt sidewalks are being actively replaced with this older style - it costs less, and lasts longer,

Though a newly paved asphalt stretch is certainly more comfortable to ride over, the difference between it and the brick (when well done) is not that great - especially considering the number of paths which people ride over fields or through forests - those tend to be a bit harder going.

Such simple solutions are the sort of thing which people need to think about - the bricks seem to last decades, whereas asphalt has a much shorter lifespan. Of course, we all know that only asphalt or concrete, handled by heavy equipment, is the only way for humans to build roadways - even for bicycles or walking.

They made the sidewalks like that here in Arlington, Va (pavers), only they never seemed to be able to figure out how to keep the pavers from settling and becoming uneven which drew complaints - largely from the elderly and disabled.  I think one of the benefits was also that the pavers allowed rainwater penetration and reduce impervious surface runoff.  However, due to the settling problem, they started putting down a concrete foundation for the pavers which of course eliminated the water penetration and made the construction cost a lot. Now, we are going back to simple poured concrete.      
I have wondered about that in general, since the idea works so poorly in America, and here are a couple of general theories -

  1. The weather is more extreme, especially in terms of water/ice. European weather is more temperate (boring) than the weather I grew up with in Northern Virginia.

  2. The Germans do a much better job building this way. For example, a good number of Aldi parking lots here are made like this, and even after years of cars and the regular 18 wheel delivery trucks, the parking lot is still in fine shape. The various brick shapes, tools, equipment (compacting the soil and sand especially), training, etc. are well tested in practice.

  3. Unlike in America, the German emphasis tends to be on the long term - in other words, the job is done right since it is supposed to last, not merely save money or be attractive. This also includes maintenance.

Personally, it is a good bet that the weather is a solid reason for the difference, but the other two factors also play a major role. All the work I have seen in America wouldn't be acceptable here for even the most casually done homeowner job.
To add to this I understand the Germans include maintenance as a part of the state bid process.  This is where real money can be made.  If you are bidding a project and screw up the maintenance estimate, it's on your company.  If you overestimate what it will cost and you make some extra cash, it's yours - you did a hellavu job!  I like this a lot!
Weather might be an issue, skilled labor certainly, and attitude (long term vs short) - I think you hit them all.

Although I have been to other European cities (not German) where they had pavers hundreds of years old, only they did have slight uneveness to them.  This is one of the reasons that sturdy walking shoes are helpful.  We now adhere to ADA (American with Disabilities Act) that I think requires a certain smoothness to all surfaces and it was this requirement also that I think drove Arlington to go back to concrete.  

Certainly there is a lot of variation between recently laid, consistently produced bricks and things done hundreds of years of ago - there is a lot of variation in Germany too.

But with some experience in pushing people in wheelchairs here, I can say that the German sidewalks definitely stand up well to comparison.

It also occurs to that Germans use fairly heavy and largish bricks in general, while the stones I have seen in American are quite small.

There is a German company, Uni (or Uni-eco) that has patented a paver with a small spacer that leaves a gap between laid pavers, to allow more water to infiltrate into the soil. Neat idea, they are sold worldwide now I believe.
The key with pavers and indeed any pavement is the base. I think inproper base preparation is often the reason you see them fail.
They are going down my street now and tearing up and repouring 5-20 foot lengths of concrete sidewalk where the sections have heaved, mostly due to tree roots.
<q>there is a lot of variation in Germany too</q> You can say that again. The roads and bikeways in Kreis Koblenz are mostly awful for a road bike compared to the roads in Niedersachsen (or for that matter southwestern Indiana).
My city has removed asphalt to restore some of our original brick streets and is trying to restore others or redo with new brick.  They determined that although the cost of asphalt in the short run is much cheaper, with the cost of maintenance the break even point is roughly 18 to 20 years with the traffic we have.  Brick was deemed beneficial on all but the most heavily used roads.  I live on a brick street that probably hasn't had more than 100 man hours and a few hundred dollars worth of sand as maintenance since it was laid a little over a hundred years ago.  When you go the speed limit (25 mph, residential) it doesn't feel rough at all.

The downside is that the number one expense of making bricks is energy.  so the cost of bricks will rise in lock step with energy.  The energy source, however, is flexible.  Electric heat or direct burning of coal or gas are most common, but gas from landfills is also being used.  Some brick factories are placed next to sawmills and burn sawdust and scrap wood as the energy source.  Many brick factories close during winter months due to high NG prices.

i heard a story on npr about a new type of asphalt (or paving concrete) that uses less of a binder such that it allows water to drain through it.  this is not exactly a peak oil topic, though it is important for sustainability post collapse b/c one thing that is going to screw us in america is drout and falling water tables/aquifers.  paving every inch of a region as we are wont to do tends to cause rain water to run off into not-useful places, like flooded streets or the sea, rather than seep into the ground.  this is why i am going to lay brick where i park the prius, rather than concrete (tabby, really, a concrete sea shell mix).
Yeah, but the problem with Germany is the giant bugs.  

Seriously, one issue we have with concrete pavers is aesthetics.  They look nice when you first install them, but after a few weeks or months, weeds start growing between the cracks.  Property owners find this very unattractive.  The solution?  Spray herbicide regularly.  

But probably the main reason we don't use pavers more often is the expense.  Asphalt is a lot cheaper.

WTF is that bug anyway?
Big-ass earwig?
New question. What is an earwig?
Oh...those are the bugs that crawl in your ear at night to eat the wax.

No, no...just kidding.  Harmless little buggers that grow no more than 1/4 inch.

Come on, earwigs I've seen around California get up to an inch or so, they have big pincers on their rear ends, and like to live under logs and leaves and things. I think they use the pincers to bluff with, they can't pinch very hard with them, maybe to grab onto each other in mating or dominance battles or something too, They're really harmless. One time I accidentally rolled one up in my rifle shooting mat and took it home, went back the next day and unrolled the mat, and there was Mr pincher bug, looking a little woozy but ok.
Two kinds of earwigs here in the US; American and European.  Care to guess which one is responsible for most crop damage?  That's right, the European earwig is a crop pest.  

BTW, they are called earwigs because they infest corn ears; specifically the silks, which they will eat.  This leads to ears missing rows of kernals.  Sometimes, if there are enough earwigs, there is a complete absence of kernals...pretty poor eating, that.

Damage to roads is directly related to the weight of what travels on them. A 4000 pound vehicle causes 64x as much damage as a 1000 pound one, if I remember correctly.

Bicycle paths need hardly any upkeep, if built well, whether asphalt or paved. Spivak and Hart's The elephant in the bedroom states the example of university campuses as good use of roads. Negligible maintenance.
There are cobblestone roads in Europe that are 100's of years old. Zero maintenance.

Decrease traffic, and it makes little difference what you make the road of. But then comes stormwater runoff. The idea that screwed up everything, especially in urban areas, is 'facilitating traffic', making them move as fast as possible. The opposite is much better: make it hard to go faster than a bicylce, that should be the speed limit. There is research that says that in areas where 25 years ago kids could move freely around the house at age 5, now it's age 9 or 10. That's 5 extra years of TV and video games. And fat.

Cobblestones are definatly not ADA compliant! Not those bulgy ones I walked on in Germany anyway. But, supposedly they're really good for horses, allow horses' hooves to get good traction even in the wet. While still allowing most humans to walk along OK.
Again, the differences between here and the mid-Atlantic play a role. It is not that common to see plants growing between the stones in my experience (this includes my driveway, my sidewalk, and a large number of other sidewalks, parking lots, and streets).

I think there are two different explanations for this -

  1. The German brick paving style is very, very tight (though obviously not waterproof) - water does not soak through well at all (though there are designs for parking which are intended to allow maybe 50%-80% of the space to be used for plants - in a sense, these create a hardened lawn parking space)
  2. Germany simply has a less aggressive environment for plants, along with tmperate climate
The expected life of paving is normally dependent on:
  • The paving base. Clays and soils containing organic matter are bad. They allow the base to slowly compress over time. Virginia, if I remember correctly, has a lot of clayey soils. Drainable gravels and sand, when well compacted, are very strong bases. Roads built on solid rock last the longest.
  • The size of the traffic that goes over the paving. Large vehicle like trucks damage the base and the paving materials far more than small vehicles.
  • The weather. Freeze thaw cycles and de-icing materials such as salt can deteriorate a road surface very quickly.
  • and finally high traffic volume of traffic also increases wear-and-tear.

I suspect that German paving stones last well because of good base preparation and favorable traffic characteristics.
Yes, the soils around Northern Virginia tend to have a very definite clay layer a couple of feet down, whereas the soils in this region of the Rhine Valley tend to have a sand layer.

Though the truck part seems to be obviously true, it is surprising to see how well different parking lots hold up under the 18 wheel (more like 12 wheel, but still the same size tractor trailer) trucks - possibly, that section of the parking lot is built to higher standards, or the trucks drive carefully, to reduce the impact. Or simply a couple of trucks a day doesn't really play a role.

Felicity Street in New Orleans is two blockes from my home and is cobblestone, still in good condition (one can see the two block section where they took up the streetcar tracks and laid new stones).  Smoother than the Euro version, made from stones brought in as ballast from urban legend.  As were the granite curbs in front of my house.

My street, St. Andrew, is 28 feet wide (~8.3 m), one way, with cars parked on both sides.  The speed limit of 25 mph (40 kph)and common sense keeps traffic slower than that :-)

Narrow streets with rare off-street parking also keep urban density high.  More area for people & parks & green, less for autos.

Best Hopes,

Alan

I'm doing ok on trails with my Bianchi Vople and my Klein Attitude.

Bad roads probably would mean a fatter tires in general.

As expat pointed out, its much easier and cheaper to build roadways for bicyclists (or horse and buggy -hey it could happen) than for cars. I don't expect this t be too much of a problem for quite a while, especially once cars start dropping off the major roads.
Problems start when a society invests its resources to serve only the needs of a narrow, affluent minority, i.e. when a sum of money is spent fixing a 10-mile stretch of road in a wealthy suburb instead of building a 100-mile city-wide bike trail network.

I really wish the Ivy League schools provided high-quality classical education. Any "person of means" has a lot to learn from the history of city states in ancient Greece...

There's a book I wish I'd grabbed when I had the chance at the local used book store. It was about the Roman tourism industry! Obscure subject but in telling about it they had to explain how the empire had enough affluent people and specialization of trades to create the Roman equivalent of "Cook's Tours" and talk quite a bit about conditions in the inner parts of the empire and out at the fringes, where the tours went - like today's modern tours to the edges of our empire like Hawaii, etc. The book had lots of neat photos too.
Fascinating. I have been thinking about what would happen to tourism in the event of a non-dieoff, low energy future. My best bet is that the "global hospitality industry" will only survive in its ultra-high-end form and some of the more "ordinary" tourists will mutate into more involved travelers (what proportion this will be is a very interesting question). Travel time will be longer which will make trips longer as well. Pure leisure will give way to commercial, educational, charitable and missionary trips. Wherever railway infrastructure is (re-)developed, intra-continental travel will gain at the expense of overseas journeys. Security situation will shape travel patterns as it does now since flows of information will be largely preserved.
I can imagine house-swaps developing big time, as people take longer, cheaper, consolidated holidays to compensate for greater travel costs. The internet is a great enabler for this.
I think that reserving more pavement for bikes will become more common, as the wear-and-tear from bikes requires less maintenance.

Meanwhile, really fat tires work well for me on the trikes with trailers.

We have some bad roads here in Minneapolis.  We also have chunks of ice and ice ruts in the winter time.  These make for some rough riding!

Much depends on how much the upper and middle classes try to maintain the easy-motoring lifestyle at the expense of everyone else, and how that class wrfare plays out.

If we work together, we might create a more sustainable transportation system.  If we move into even greater economic stratification -- whoch is the current trend -- we will not create a better, more sustainable transportation system.

If we continue to follow the path we are following, we will end up with bad roads and increased violence occuring on those roads.  That will be as big a consideration -- or bigger -- than potholes.

Begger that is certainly where we are going - take present trends and extend. Downward social mobility, good roads in the affluent areas and poor roads for the rest of us.

The front page of the local paper here talks about San Jose having the worst roads in the country, and I agree, in the city center / older industrial area and the older neighborhoods. At least traffic speeds are lower there, meanwhile out on the sprawly edges, the streets are long, streight, and smooth, and new.

The conclusion of the local paper's writer is that the roads are worst in San Jose and a bunch of other California places because of all the large heavy vehicles, trucks and yes they mention SUVs by name, er, acronym.

In the West Bank, when Israel was blockading all the towns, donkeys temporarily became more valuable than cars.  Since they could go offroad and around the roadblocks.
Mountain bikes work fairly well even on single-track, rutted trails.  China had the money to maintain their roads well enough for hundreds of millions of cyclists, even when China was a dirt poor, third-world nation.  Finally, you can send two streams of cyclists in opposite directions on a single 8' wide lane.  As long as they stay single file, that works fine.  That's even enough room for some passing.

The problem would be if we attempted to maintain the entire road network with only the resources for a much smaller system, so that the whole system turned into pothole rubble at the same time.  In that case, I would expect to see crews out there with hot patch filling in just enough for the 9' single-lane that the bicyclists and buses use.

Which more or less happened?

New York City, from its financial breakdown in 1976, well into the 1980s.

I assume (but don't know) that Detroit is pretty close to that, now.

If bicycles do not have to share the roadway with vehicles, then the heavy deterioration from all those heavy vehicles does not impact the bicylist. Bicyclists should have access to elevated paths for all major urban roadways for safety and convenience purposes  

Let all these urban roadways deteriorate and provide light rail in their place.  Those who choose to persist in experiencing the American dream/nighmare can put up with the roadway conditions. Alternatively, they can choose to pay the full costs of maintaining those roads with some kind of toll arrangement.

One of the obvious reasons for the increased deterioration is the increased use in passenger miles and weight of vehicles. We should be heading the other way --- decreased use and decreased size.

Ultimately, we need to dismantle the whole system and exclude cars from urban areas.

tstreet writes - If bicycles do not have to share the roadway with vehicles, then the heavy deterioration from all those heavy vehicles does not impact the bicyclist. Bicyclists should have access to elevated paths for all major urban roadways for safety and convenience purposes

The League of American Bicyclists recommends that the road is for all travelers. Cyclists belong on the road. Roads generally go everywhere people need to go. Bike paths don't and won't ever. My memory of Munich is a good one. Good public transportation, some off road bike lanes and striped on-road bike lanes almost everywhere else.

tstreet writes again - Ultimately, we need to dismantle the whole system and exclude cars from urban areas.

Excluding cars from urban areas isn't going to happen. But good planning and implementation for improving cycling in major cities is occurring at this moment. It's achievable and happening now.

Cyclists can and should work together to improve their cycling experience.

I would generally agree with the sentiment here and, in fact, benefited from this approach in Frankfurt and now in Boulder. However, I was addressing the concern that bicylists would be impacted by road deterioration.  Regardless, I think off road bicyling should be encouraged where possible. I ride mostly on off road paths in Boulder and find it much more pleasant and less scary than sharing the road, even with a bicyle lane.

It's nice to think we should all share the road but then there is the problem that some in vehicles are not so good at sharing.

While I don't think we will ever experience widespread traffic free cities in my life time, I think peak oil will certainly encourage efforts to make the goddamn auto less ubiquitous. When I lived in Frankfurt, the quietest and most traffic free part of the city was downtown in all those wonderful pedestrian only areas. Maybe if more people in the U.S. could experience this, they would get behind it.

And, oh yeah, the car free downtown Boulder Mall is another tribute to smart and far sighted planning. The only shame is that is has not been made even more extensive.

The reason the League recommends sharing the road is probably that practically all of the accidents happen at intersections. And one of the worst things you can do on a bicycle is to approach an intersection from an unexpected direction. Where I live, somebody is killed once in a while due to riding on the sidewalk, or on a sidewalk-like path, counter to the direction of the traffic, usually by someone making a turn. Car drivers often simply do not see someone approaching that way.

Now, if you can have an off-road path that goes for a very long distance (some miles) without intersections - especially intersections at corners - that's better. There are a couple of those in my area. However, the tendency is that if an area is rural enough for a long stretch to be possible, the volume of traffic (bicycles and cars) is unlikely to be seen as high enough to warrant the path.

Another way to partially solve the problem is to do what seems to be done in some new areas in Holland - the bike paths go down the middle of the blocks and meet the streets there, rather than at the corners. However, that gives two stopping-points per block. It would probably be a political non-starter anywhere in the U.S., and it might bring traffic to a standstill in some places.

Excluding cars from urban areas isn't going to happen.

One of the political parties has advocated banning private cars from central Copenhagen and depending upon their Metro, bicycles and buses.

Best Hopes,

Alan

Quote:
Regarding the article on crumbling roads and their effects on cars:  Crumbling roads are also a major problem for bicyclists (as I can attest from ample personal experience).  If roads really do crumble into oblivion a la Kunstler in coming years, then this will be a major impediment towards making the bicycle a viable substitute for motorized forms of transport.    
This is an important aspect of the infrastructure situation that I have not seen addressed at all in the Peak Oil/sustainable society literature.

Thats what mountain bikes are for. :)

In my suburban California town, a lot of people (both children and adults) ride on the sidewalk, even though there are bike lanes.  When traffic is moving at 45 mph+ with many drivers in large SUVs talking on cell phones, people don't feel safe in the bike lanes.
I sympathize, but see what I just wrote up above. There are no guarantees in this wicked world no matter what you do, but do remember that feeling safe is not always the same as being safe.
The same thing occurred in Washington, DC when I was there. People didn't want to ride bikes with dangerous cars moving at 40 mph, so they made pedestrians share sidewalks with dangerous bikes moving at 20 mph.

Bikes on sidewalks should be restricted to walking speed. Bikes on streets should be immune from some regulations that apply to cars. I am pro-bike rights, but think they should be on the street. Food delivery by bike should be restricted to streets.

I don't think young kids should have to ride in traffic, but neither do I think they have a right to terrorize and potentially injure elderly on sidewalks.

In many US cities (extrapolating from the ones I've been in) there are virtually no people using the sidewalks. In these places it makes sense to use the sidewalks for biking and give the very occasional pedestrian the right of way.
"People didn't want to ride bikes with dangerous cars moving at 40 mph, so they made pedestrians share sidewalks with dangerous bikes moving at 20 mph."

It's one thing to get popped by 200lb bike going 20mph and another to get popped by a 4,000lb vehicle going 40mph.  Get hit by a bike and you're looking at some broken bones and a concussion at the most...get hit by a car, death.

But it's not safe to ride on the sidewalk for bicyclists, either.  This has been proven by study after study, and it's not just inexperience.  

The problem is that drivers don't look for bikes on the sidewalk.  They're looking at the road.  Many a bicyclist has been killed on the sidewalk by a car coming out of a driveway, or when coming off a sidewalk into an intersecton.  

"The problem is that drivers don't look for bikes on the sidewalk.  They're looking at the road.  Many a bicyclist has been killed on the sidewalk by a car coming out of a driveway, or when coming off a sidewalk into an intersecton."

Oh definitely...it's like a multiplication of 1,000 by the number of intersections that you cross by riding on the sidewalk and like you say, no one looks there.  I've almost wiped someone out that was doing that before...I was pulling out of a side street, looked left - clear, looked right - clear, looked back left and just before I started to go I caught the movement out of the side of my eye.

My point was just that the comparison of the danger between car and bicycle and bicycle and pedestrian is just leagues apart.  Where the car is likely to kill and almost certain to do serious hurt, a bicycle is more likely to bruise egos than anything else.

"Crumbling roads are also a major problem for bicyclists (as I can attest from ample personal experience).  If roads really do crumble into oblivion a la Kunstler in coming years, then this will be a major impediment towards making the bicycle a viable substitute for motorized forms of transport."

I'm guessing you've never heard of a mountain bike.  These mystical bikes can actually travel on gravel roads, down creek beds, over roots, broken pavement, over curbs and across many other surfaces that would instantly pop the tires/bend rims/break the frame of a skiny tired road bike.

/end sarcasm

Seriously though, rough roads are sucky when you're used to smooth pavement but bicycles have been around for about forever and unless they're a whiz bang roadie azz-hatchet with skinny tires and a light frame, they'll do just fine.  If you ever notice places where societies used/use bicycles as daily transportation, most of them prefer the more upright and wide tired bikes we refer to as "comfort bicycles" or beach cruisers.