I'm a huge advocate for ethanol but is it true that it takes "1.3 gallons of oil to produce one gallon of ethanol?" (http://gog2g.com/2006/07/26/scary-statistic.aspx) That ratio is absurd and I'm wondering if there is any site which provides this statistic rather than relying on word of mouth.

Thanks

Hi Jason, the best figure I've seen for corn EROEI is 1.5 : 1 (as opposed to the 1 : 1.3 you mention). Source.

Google TOD for RR (Robert Rapier) for tons of discssion on ethanol EROEI. I think he might allow a maximum of 1.2 : 1 :)

But even 1.2 : 1 is a 20% return! Most people would die for that (I wish my 401k was making 20%). Of course, you have to factor in the capital to make that 20% return happen. RR's point (I think) is that after you've done that then ethanol doesn't pay (before subsidies).

I have seen some believable numbers in the 1.5 range for ethanol plants located in the midst of local corn. I have some actual energy usage numbers for an ethanol plant in Illinois. The thing is, that 1.5 also includes animal feed byproducts as BTUs, and it does not consider certain BTU inputs (transportation, BTU inputs into building the plant, etc.). It also does not quantify topsoil mining and pesticides and herbicides that end up in waterways. Once all of that is factored in, the EROEI is very marginal.

The other thing to consider is the most effective usage of your BTUs. This is not investing, where a 20% return is fantastic. The BTU inputs could be directed toward other areas where the EROEI is much higher. A return of 20% means that you consumed 1 BTU just to net out 0.2. Just using gasoline as an example, directing that BTU toward gasoline would net out 4 BTUs.

Cheers,

RR

The transition to low EROEI energy sources would also likely have ramifications for the structure of society affecting culture at every level.

Here is an article by Joseph Tainter et al. where they look at how communities of animals [not just humans] differ substantially depending on EROEI of energy sources.

Resource Transitions and Energy Gain: Contexts of Organization

It's not often that beavers, fungus farming ants and imperial Rome are mentioned in the same abstract!

Tainter, of course, is well-known for his book, "The Collapse of of Complex Societies". This is scholarly writing, however. Not a popular rant predicting the downfall of modern civilization. Tainter offers no predictions.

Tainter offers no predictions.

Not on a specific date or triggering event but he does say p209 of the 1988 hardcover edition :

Although collapse is an economic adjustment, it can nevertheless be devastating where much of the population does not have the opportunity or the ability to produce primary food ressources. Many contemporary societies, particularly those that are highly industrialized, obviously fall into this class.

Deals with the unfeasibility of powerdown, on p214 :

Here is the reason why proposals for economic undevelopment, for living in balance on a small planet, will not work...

Does not offer any kind of "solutions" but staying the course, on p215 :

A new energy subsidy is necessary if a declining standard of living an a future global collapse is to be averted.

And challenges the naysayers, on p216 :

However much we like to think of ourselves as something special in world history, in fact industrial societies are just subject to the same principles which caused earlier societies to collapse.

My underlining.

I hope we will prove him wrong but I have no "faith" in incantations and wishful thinking.

And it's the "decline in standard of living" that Americans fear more than death itself. Think about it, we're going to turn the Earth into another Venus before we'll accept a lower standard of living. The only thing that will prevent us from turning the Earth into another Venus is if it turns out we're not able to - a plague, a war, general starvation gets us first.

The biggest problem with the people discussing Peak Oil, and remember we're the free thinkers, the "early adopters", etc., the vanguard, is we're scared shitless by the idea of lowering our standard of living. So, the talk is of how to run our cars on other stuff, very very little discussion of getting rid of our cars.

Great quotations.  I agree, there is little in Tainter's, "Collapse" to provide comfort.
You want to know why the non-doomers among us here don't read it? Cause they know it will deep-six whatever "idea" they have about society adjusting to this other than "nuke their ass, take their gas."
He does offer non-doomers something. Not sure they would like it much though. i.e. One of his fundamentals is that societies are problem-solving entities and modern ones, in particular, have many resources to draw upon (for a while):

Both the primary and secondary world powers have sufficient economic strength to finance diminishing returns well into the future. As seen in the cases of the Romans and the Maya, peoples with sufficient incentives and/or economic reserves can endure declining marginal returns for centuries before their societies collapse


But then he adds in parentheses:

This fact, however, is no reason for complacency. Modern evolutionary processes, as is well known, occur at a faster rate than those of the past.


But the main theme of the book is that increasing socio-political complexity yielding diminishing returns is the immediate factor that produces the collapse. Not the energy shortfall.

This is not particularly comforting. According to Tainter (based on his historical studies), society will come alive in a flurry of activity. There will be plenty of "scanning behavior" to find solutions. New complex systems and regulations will address the energy problem. Coercion will be applied. Collapse postponed but not averted since there is no escape from the law of diminishing returns without a new energy subsidy.

But the upshot is that collapse comes, not because there is no gas for your car, but because you come to hate your country. ie. The burden society places on you to keep things going will make parts of society seek alternative arrangements to membership in the complex socio-political entities they belong to. Tainter wrote pre USSR breakup. But it illustrates things beautifully.

We may well find a much lower standard of living easy to bear compared to the incessant demands of the state as it stuggles to hold itself togther.

"But the main theme of the book is that increasing socio-political complexity yielding diminishing returns is the immediate factor that produces the collapse. Not the energy shortfall. "

That would seem to vindicate the old gold bugs - always supsicious of the fedz and stuff.

If not for Peak Energy and Matter, we would probably have a run-of-the-mill type of Depression like each of the past several centuries is my guess.

But because of Peak Energy and Matter, we will probably have run-of-the-mill Die Back this time...

Even if no one believes it before, during or after...

(Tick ... tick ... tick .. A saud said nasty stuff that sounded similar to what Osama's side-kick said today... (click those fucking heelz together NOW dorthy godzdammit! - LOL.)

 

"But the main theme of the book is that increasing socio-political complexity yielding diminishing returns is the immediate factor that produces the collapse. Not the energy shortfall. "

Good job in catching that.  What most people fail to notice in any "diminishing returns" theory is that it has ABSOLUTELY NOTHING to do with oil depletion" or peak oil.

It is an absolutely fatalistic theory.  Fatalistic theories are easy to recognize:  They state as ABSOLUTE IRREFUTABLE FACT  (thus, they permit no difference or discourse, they are essentially absolutist, you either accept the idea one hundred percent, or your in denial)  that a. It's going to happen, b.  There is nothig you can do about it, and c.  The harder you try to do anything about it, the worse you will make it....change can only be negative.

Frankly, even if it's true, as an intellectual position, it's completely useless, because it gives no usable course of action.   It makes one think of the little negative sadsack robot in "Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy",

"I would calculate your odds of survival, but you really don't want to know."

Perhaps true.  But completely useless.

Roger Conner  known to you as ThatsItImout

What most people fail to notice in any "diminishing returns" theory is that it has ABSOLUTELY NOTHING to do with oil depletion" or peak oil.

WRONG!
depletion of ground oil fields -> deep water drilling less cost effective
depletion of light crude -> sour crude less cost effective
depletion of sour crude -> shale oil MUCH less cost effective
Etc...
Is that "diminishing returns" or not?

"It is better to be thought a fool than to open one's mouth and remove all doubt."

Frankly, even if it's true, as an intellectual position, it's completely useless, because it gives no usable course of action.

Tainter does not give any usable course of action.
But this is not a cult!
I am not a member of Tainter's Church and I doubt most readers of "The Collapse of Complex Societies" see themselves as cult followers.
This is only an usefull model of an existing state of affairs, and it stands quite well to scrutiny.
WE have to find an "usable course of action".
Expecting ready made answers from some "higher wisdom" or going into denial of inconvenient evidence (even if it's true!!!) is the hallmark of religious thinking, and, YES, religious thinking is one among the many hindrances and impediments faced by mankind to cope with such a challenging predicament.


Tainter is definitely saying that large socio-political entities eventually die. Their life-spans, however, are quite varied and subject to many factors, including the behavior of their members.

Roger, you and I shall die too. I'm not sure believing that makes us fatalists! There is so much that we can do with a reasonable chance of preserving and enhancing our individual lives.

Tainter gives us a lot of useful insight into how things work. And, at the very least, he may help us avoid promoting schemes that would shorten the life of the collective. Personally, I'm very comfortable with powerdown options. At some points in my life I've used 1/5 the energy (for years at a time) that I've used at other times. But Tainter gives me pause about the applicability of a policy of pre-crisis voluntary powerdown to the rest of society.

Asebius
Another part of the fallacy is that a return of btus per btu invested is not the same as a return on dollars invested. One invests dollars with an expected return year after year.  Your return on btus with ethanol is a one time shot. Obviously, you never get a payback in your investment in the same sense that you would get a payback on a bond invested, for example.

It's like if you invested a dollar, tore that dollar up and then got excited because you earned 20 cents on that dollar. Great!  You now have 20 cents but no dollar. Go find another dollar to get another 20 cents.  Yep.  You really just can't pass that investment up.

Investing in infrastructure for ethanol, of course, is another story.  Who knows, you might get lucky, and get bailed out by the government.

 Forget my last post. I guess, in actuality you are getting payback in the sense that you started with 100 btus and ended up with 120 btus.  In any event, I don't think it makes sense to treat this like a 20% return in that the btus don't translate to financial flows.  The actual financial returns may be only tangentially related to the energy flows, considering capital costs, subsidies, operating costs, supply and demand, prices, etc.  
The problem is that there's a whole lot of labor to get that small return.  As Robert Rapier points out, there are much better alternatives as a society.  Of course, if you're a farmer looking for something to do to pay the bills, you won't think the same way.

Much better for farmers to get wind farms...

A better analogy would be under oil, you are working 40 hours/week and making 100k/year.  you spend it all and have a pretty comfy situation.  Under alcohol, you are working 40 hours/week and only making 20k/year.  Either you drastically cut back your lifestyle or drastically increase your working hours.  

Since you can't work 200 hours/week, your only choice is to drastically cut back your lifestyle.

Going to an alcohol based system may be possible, but only if we drive 10% of the miles we currently do.

There are also a lot of coal-fired ethanol plants. Basicly, two solid materials are used to make one liquid.
Corn,  WATER, and Heat.(in the simplist of terms)    So it would be two solids and LOTS of water to fuel our cars.

But there is no water shortage, right?

Don't mention tar sands...gads.   Can you say rivers running dry?

===========
It's all about population!

The wide range of estimates comes from how energy inputs are estimated (it's not at all obvious). Pimentel and Patzek are among the most pessimistic: according to the Science article below, they do use outdated productin techniques, rely on very poorly documented data, and do not credit ethanol coproducts with any of the input energy. This is probably the most comprehensive study so far.  It's just a press release, but they provide a link to a model, and details are in Farrell et al., Science, 311. 506 - 508 (2006).  They find that ethanol provides a net gain of 1-5  MJ/l, depending on how much coal is used in generation.  Cellulosic can provide much more, if that ever makes it out of the lab.
You're right.  Cellulosic ethanol can provide much more.

But it's not a question of 'IF' 2nd generation production paths make it out of the lab but rather 'WHEN' they do.

For further details, Drummers are invited to www.syntecbiofuel.com

But it's not a question of 'IF' 2nd generation production paths make it out of the lab but rather 'WHEN' they do.

Not holding my breath, but I hope you're right.  Could use some of that algal biod in my VW.  Won't solve the problem,  but it will help.

For ethanol from corn in the USA, the most important statistic is: If all corn grown in this country were converted to ethanol, it would provide less than 15% of our motor fuel.  Where are you going to get the other 85%?
Konrad Imielinski just published a post looking more in-depth to the EROEI of ethanol. Suprised by the detail Pimentel uses in calculating his results, he really is disgusted with ethanol. The positive net energy sources out number the negative, but that doesn't mean their correct.

http://gog2g.com/2006/07/27/looking-into-the-eroei-of-ethanol.aspx

For a definitive assessment of the value of ethanol and methanol please go to the following web site:
http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/patzek/BiofuelQA/Materials/RealFuelCycles-Web.pdf

Here is the abstract:

This paper analyses energy efficiency of the industrial corn-ethanol cycle and brackets energy efficiency of the switchgrass-cellulosic ethanol cycle. IN particular, it critically evaluates the publications by Farrell et al. (2006a; 2006c) and Shapouri, Wang, et al. (Wang, 2001; Shapouri et al., 2002; Shapouri et al., 2003; Shapouri and McAloon, 2004). It is demonstrated that in a net-energy analysis of the industrial corn-ethanol cycle (Farrell et al., 2006a; Farrell et al., 2006c) did not (i) define system boundaries, (ii) conserve mass, and (iii) conserve energy.
As already pointed out in (Patzek, 2004), most of the current First Law net-energy models of the industrial corn-ethanol cycle are based on nonphysical assumptions and should be discarded. The energy cost of producing and refining carbon fuels in real time, e.g., corn and ethanol, is high relative to that of fossil fuels deposited and concentrated over geological time. Proper mass and energy balances of corn fields and ethanol refineries that account for the photosynthetic energy, part of the environment restoration work, and the coproduct energy have been formulated. These balances show that energetically production of ethanol from corn is 2 - 4 times less favorable than production of gasoline from petroleum. From thermodynamics it also follows that ecological damage wrought by industrial biofuel production must be severe, see also (Patzek, 2004; Patzek and Pimentel, 2006). With maximum theoretical yield of ethanol and the DDGS coproduct energy credit, 3.9 gallons of ethanol displace on average the energy in 1 gallon of gasoline. Without the DDGS energy credit, this average number is 6.2 gallons of ethanol. Equivalent CO2 emissions from corn ethanol are 50% higher than those from gasoline, and become 100% higher if methane emissions from cows fed DDGS are accounted for.

The U.S. ethanol industry has consistently inflated its ethanol yields by counting 5 volume percent of #14 gasoline denaturant (8% of energy content) as ethanol. Also, imports from Brazil and higher alcohols seem to have been counted as U.S. ethanol. A detailed analysis of 778 samples of 401 corn hybrids reveals that the highest possible yield of ethanol is 2.64 plus or minus 0.05 gal ethanol/per nominal wet bushel of corn. The commonly accepted USDA estimate of mean ethanol yield in the U.S., 2.682 gal EtOH/bu, is one standard deviation above the rigorous statistical estimate in this paper. From a mass balance of soil (Patzek, 2004), it follows that ethanol coproducts should be returned to the fields.

The energy efficiency of current cellulosic ethanol production is poorer than that of any other industrially produced liquid biofuel (Patzek and Pimentel, 2006).

ITHACA, N.Y. -- Turning plants such as corn, soybeans and sunflowers into fuel uses much more energy than the resulting ethanol or biodiesel generates, according to a new Cornell University and University of California-Berkeley study.

"There is just no energy benefit to using plant biomass for liquid fuel," says David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell. "These strategies are not sustainable."

Pimentel and Tad W. Patzek, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Berkeley, conducted a detailed analysis of the energy input-yield ratios of producing ethanol from corn, switch grass and wood biomass as well as for producing biodiesel from soybean and sunflower plants. Their report is published in Natural Resources Research (Vol. 14:1, 65-76).

In terms of energy output compared with energy input for ethanol production, the study found that:

corn requires 29 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced;
switch grass requires 45 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced; wood biomass requires 57 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced.

In terms of energy output compared with the energy input for biodiesel production, the study found that:

soybean plants requires 27 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced, and
sunflower plants requires 118 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced.

This should put to rest the pipedream known as biofuels.

Now, an explanation:

The point should not be to rush around trying to figure out how we can continue the ridiculous automobile insanity, but how we can stop the paradigm of the murderous suburban nightmare as quickly as possible.

The Nutters of the world will pooh pooh the idea that peak is NOW or even a few years away, using that as an excuse for business as usual. They are the paid hacks of the science world, the same bought-and-paid-for "scientists" who tried to confuse the science that said cigarettes cause health problems, the same weasels who now try to insert themselves into the global warming science in order to confuse the hoi polloi.

Ignore the Nutters. We will run out. We will. That is simply a fact. If you look at the Limits to Growth study and its followup projections you can see that we are in deep trouble, even if we were to somehow develop easy cheap fusion, we would still be in overshoot. Why? Because we need other things besides energy to survive as an ever-growing species. We need arable land which is disappearing under the ravages of the so-called "green revolution;" we need fresh water and that is disappearing as well; we need unpolluted resources and that is disapearing as well; we need plankton and that is disappearing; we need the Amazonian rainforest and some scientists fear that a third year of drought will cause it to die, yes, die in a couple of years becoming desert in a few more.

Step out of your niche specialties people and see that while peak oil is important, it becomes even more important when put into holistic context. We need what is left of the cheap fossil fuel to de-industrialize.

I am a doomer not only because of the obvious dislocation that a sudden stoppage in oil flow would cause, but because I know this era for what it is a ruinous experiment known as the industrial period. This devastating and obscene bacchanal is resulting in a monstrous dieoff that is greater in scope than the last massive dieoff marked by the KT boundary.

With that in mind, perhaps people can see why I become angry, rude and often vicious when dealing with people who are only concerned with how to best keep our cancerous industrial society humming. In my view these people are Hitler, Pol Pot, Stalin, Mengele, Satan, Mohammed Atta, Custer, and any other life-hating thug you can think of, combined. The industrial apologists are advocating for nothing less than the extinction of the human race. The most frustrating problem is they are incapable of seeing this as they are too enamored of human "genius."

The science behind all of this is out there readily available to any who would take the time to research.

I know that many will pooh-pooh the Limits to Growth even though the scientists behind the book are recognized around the world for their credentials, acumen, careful methodologies, and painstaking research.
For those of you who insist on not reading the book, I suggest you check out Matthew Simmons take on the book:

http://www.greatchange.org/ov-simmons,club_of_rome_revisted.html

For a couple of extinction sites, I suggest these:

http://www.well.com/~davidu/sixthextinction.html
http://www.euractiv.com/en/sustainability/major-species-extinction-looming-scientists-warn/article-1 56865

For arable land problems:

http://www.tranquileye.com/clock/
http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/topics/desertification/statistics.htm

For fresh water problems:

http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/96/960209aaasdaily.html

For the population problem:

http://www.populationmedia.org/issues/issues.html

For the collapse of the oceans:

http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/03/the_fate_of_the_ocean.html?welcome=true

in other words it's time to take up your ancestory, that is to be a generalist
If one has a very good idea as to where we are headed and one continues to play the short term politics of denial and promises that ethanol and hydrogen will let us continue as before, then one is bascially saying that it is ok to write off future generations and the planet which has sustained us for thousands of years. Based on that, you can pretty much put Bush, for example, in the camp of those who engaged in massive genocide in the past.

The possible problem with this theory is that Hitler, for example, knew what he was doing.  Bush may still be so misinformed that he doesn't realize that he is part of the cabal that is sealing our doom.  This is why Bush gets a free ride on so many issues; if you are perceived as dumb as dirt, then people tend to give you a pass.

The basic reality here is that one will not find any politician who will admit that growth economics must cease if we are to have a habitable planet in the future.  There is no hope from either party -- none.  Even Gore continues the myth that we can continue to grow and fix global warming at the same time.  Even if doesn't really take this problem seriously. Yes, he drives a hybrid, but it is a Lexus.  Better that he would move to a community where he didn't need to drive. Better that he would make at least a statement and take trains or buses across the country.  He's got his movie to do the talking now.  Perhaps he should just stay home for awhile, tend his garden, and think deeply about the mixed messages he is sending.  

Based on that, you can pretty much put Bush, for example, in the camp of those who engaged in massive genocide in the past.

Yes, but the damage began before Bush and will continue thereafter (with or without a Cheney, that's not the point).

How Will the Sixth Extinction Affect the Evolution of Species?.

But this is not only a matter of "species", quoting from the above link :

Episodes of mass extinction documented in the geological record were followed by protracted intervals of rediversification and ecological reorganization; five million years can be considered a broadly representative recovery time, although durations varied from one extinction to another. Suppose, too, that the average number of people on Earth during the recovery period is 2.5 billion (by contrast with the 6 billion today). Under these conditions, the total number of people affected by what we do (or do not do) during the next few decades will be in the order of 500 trillion.

Even if mankind does not get extinct and one does not care about "animals", messing with the lives of 500 trillion people and screwing up the whole stage for about 5 million years is no small deal, is it?

As I already suggested may be we should ponder this a little bit :

What normative duties do we owe to future generations? [PDF]

From Theodore P. Seto

I'm sorry but there's nothing 'definitive' about Patzek's and Pimental's work.

They do not take into consideration thermo-chemical conversion of renewable waste feedstocks, new technologies or cogen facilitation.