Dr. Reynold's post provides an excellent foundation for understanding energy sources as well as the unfounded optimism among many economists that inovation and technology can substitute for high quality energy. I cannot recall any other analysis which has
used the weight/volume/area/state method - certainly none of my thermodynamics coursework in mechanical engineering explained the feasibility of energy conversion technologies so clearly. And Dr. Reynold's analysis can be comprehended by any intelligent layperson - and perhaps even a few liberal arts majors!

Hans Noeldner

"Civilization is the presence of enlightened self-restraint"

As a liberal arts major, I wholeheartedly concur. A couple of minor additions, though.
When you are considering Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) like in the Middle East gas to New York example, a very large percentage, about 40% is used to supercool and then warm up the gas. This has to be considered in any economic comparison.
Also, much if not all of the Pennsylvania gas that is given as a comparison, is coal bed methane or shale. Coal bed methane has to be dehydrated then compressed to approximately 1,000 lbs. per square inch to transmit in a pipeline and the fresh water produced injected in a disposal formation. The same with shale gas, another big Pennsylvania resource, although we're talking frac water, not formation water. Also, I'm seeing no comparison of the drilling and production costs and environmental costs, which are assumed to be equal even though a well in Qatar can easily produce as much as 100 times the production of a Pennysylvania well.
Its a great comparison, but very oversimplified when considered for an economic analysis.
Bob Ebersole