Thinking about future systems..

Guys, what's the EROEI of a horse? It takes a lot of grass and oats and provides...

ONE horsepower:-)

Greetings from Munich,
Dom

And while I'm at it (if it can be quantified),
What's the energy return of a person?

And how green house gas CO2 does each person respirate into the atmosphere each year? (Times 7,000,000,000 people)

Average about 900 g per day per human, so about 330 kg per year, so about 2.3 billion tonnes for 7 billion. But then that comes from food, at base vegetation which fixed the carbon by photosynthesis.

It does not matter, people are carbon neutral.

But wait a minute, if so much fossil fuel goes into producing our food, then maybe we are not carbon neutral. mmmm.....

"It does not matter, people are carbon neutral."

uh, nonsense. Humans don't fix carbon. Through respiration we consume oxygen (from plant life) and exhale CO2 (at least a higher percentage).

In fact as I think of it, no organism that isn't photosynthetic, (with the possible exception of exotic deep sea thermal vent bacteria and the like) fixes carbon. Anaerobic bacteria may bypass CO2 production but I'm pretty darn sure they don't fix carbon either (would need to review anaerobic energy production pathway).

The problem a-la PO, and possibly AGW, is that dead photosynthetic organisms with their fixed carbon are being dug up and artificially respired in machines such as cars. You might consider the analogy a weak one, however, you can run a diesel engine and run a human (briefly at least) on the oxidation of say olive oil - the human part being far more complex, incompletely understood and with a teleology directed at times towards things like posting on the oil drum rather than racing down a highway.

Just to really rile people such as Alan up, I tend very slightly towards AGW, but I seriously question it. I can't get around the incessant media hype over the issue (what might that contrast with) and the political involvement. The science seems far more complex and open to interpretation than simply running out of a finite supply of oil. To me it's like Bob Barker wants to lecture me on why the sky is falling. That said my layman's view is it certainly has scientific plausibility, though the system is so complex and incompletely understood, eh the solutions are similar for both anyways

To take a really, really big picture view, the problem with and commonality between both PO and AGW is an imbalance between carbon fixation and oxidation to CO2. For PO this shows up as reduced carbon (no pun intended) supplies while for AGW it shows up as increased atmospheric CO2. To fix this (dammit ;) one needs to 1) increase photosynthetic carbon fixation, i.e attempts at biofuels - whoops both cars and humans like to eat. I do wonder whether seeding iron depleted ocean areas is a bad idea or not, while algae may eventually prove themselves great nextgen mitochondria (yes mitochondria are not photosynthetic but the analogy of a developing symbiotic relationship is perhaps apt. 2) increased use of useful energy from sources outside this carbon cycle, i.e solar, wind, nuclear, tidal, geothermal, hydro, -sounds good to me, though hydrocarbons have long evolved as an efficient energy storage media, so this only indirectly addresses transport fuels. 3) reducing oxidation of carbon, i.e conservation, the best long term solution, live within your carbon cycle means and be sure any "useful energy" growth doesn't overly imbalance the carbon cycle.

Sorry to have to correct you Speedy, here's what wikipedia says on carbon fixation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation

"Do not wait for leaders; do it alone, person to person." Mother Theresa

Paul "Duffy" Maher

Usually the sustained output of a human is 1/3 HP. Hop on an exercise bike that tells you how many watts you output. I can top out at around 630watts for a short period. One HP is 745.699872 watts

And most of that "output" is heat. Connect your exercise bike to an electric generator and see what you get -- it won't be much over 100watts, and only for a short period.

PeakPlus writes:

What's the energy return of a person?

It should be pretty good. Thomas Jefferson owned slaves. At Monticello slave quarters still exist. While visiting the site I realized the slaves were forced to feed and clothe themselves. I can't imagine that all slave owners worked that way but some did. So if that's the case the return on investment was quite good.

I don't think it was nearly as good as fossil fuels.

In the northern US, many slave owners freed their slaves long before they were required to by law. It was cheaper to hire a freed slave (or new immigrant) than to own one. With a slave, you have to support him whether he works or not. If he's too sick to work, or too old...you still have to support him. With a laborer, you don't pay him if he doesn't work.

The economics were different in the south. There was less immigration, and less industrialization. The ability of slaves to reproduce offset their higher cost.

I suspect the reason slavery was abolished throughout the new world was economic, not ethical. The industrial revolution meant there was less need of human labor.

My thoughts exactly! As a descendant of runaway, rebel slaves, Maroons as they are called here, peak oil has got me thinking about slavery. It occurred to be that the abolition of slavery was driven more by cheaper alternatives (FF) for getting work done, than any enlightened thinking or ethics. With the decline of FF, might we see a return to slavery? The working poor are not far removed from slavery. Maybe that is the form future slavery will take.

The form of slavery you mention already exists and has for some time. It is called Debt Peonage.

That's why it cracks me up about liberals going on a guilt trip about the slave trade. The only reason it doesn't exist now is that machines do the work once done by slaves. It is no coincidence that slavery started to disapear in the late eighteenth century just when the industrial revolution started getting in to full swing.

Then if that's true, that means there's no moral injunction in capitalism or the private property system against slavery, which means we are all happy living with a system in which slavery is still an option. Maybe we should have a guilt trip about that. Will you be cracked up if your grandchildren are chosen to be the slaves next time?

I don't have a guilt trip about it. If we bring back slavery, then I will work to bring back revolution. Every society based on slavery has been destroyed, and every society that will be based on slavery must be destroyed.

I think there are too many people at this site who think powerdown means they will get to be the whipper and not the whippee. They will deserve their fate.

Hello Super390,

Good points!

Never forget Tadeusz Borowski, #119198

Bob Shaw in Phx,Az Are Humans Smarter than Yeast?

You know it.

Slavery Indentured servitude of offspring to re-pay one's parents' unpaid [credit card and mortgage/home equity] debts may make a 'moral' comeback: and the religious right shall justify it. After all, "THOU shalt not steal" - from the corporate bankers who run the government whose military police run debtor's prison labor camps.

So far, the corporate elite has enticed everyone to over-indebt themselves, gotten rid of those pesky personal bankruptcy laws, built the massive prisons, eviscerated the US Constitution's bill of rights, depleted [stolen] the federal treasury that had supported the despicable tax-supported social safety net.... "Honor thy father and thy mother" will be re-interpreted to mean: don't shirk your family financial reponsibility off on the government/taxpayer.

What remains is the predicted arrival of economic crash to create the financial necessity of forced labor to benefit the upper classes again; and the popularization of moral/biblical justifications to shame everyone into accepting it.

What remains is the predicted arrival of economic crash to create the financial necessity of forced labor

The looming food shortage could also serve the same end. Work for whatever food Monsanto can scrounge up for you. A one-way ticket into a lifetime of indentured servitude.

According the the controversial book 'Time on the Cross' by Fogle and Engerman, American slavery was both economic and profitable. These guys pioneered the statistical study of history. Whether or not you agree with their thesis, it is a very interesting read. Published in early 70s.

which is why i keep saying that without the pr push to end slavery during the civil war slavery would of ended anyway, just maybe a few years later.

Hmm, I'm sure someone more knowledgeable will correct me if I'm wrong, but naively, I would expect the eroei of any living organism to be negative. If it were positive, we probably wouldn't need things like oil to sustain our way of life.

Not always. It depends what they eat. If you have grass growing naturally without input from you, and your horse eats this all summer, your EROEI is very high. In the winter, it will have to eat hay that you cut in the summer, which does require some energy.

The concept of "EROEI" is only relevant to energy-gathering systems. And it's a ratio, thus cannot be negative.

One Horse Power is a lot more than 1HP from a motor. And the horse contains its own infrastructure -- you don't have to plug it into an increasingly fragile grid, and its energy source is at far lower thermodynamic level than that of a gasoline or electric motor -- you can't feed them hay!

One Horse Power is a lot more than 1HP from a motor.

Say what? See my comment below.

Strictly speaking, all species will have an EROEI less than one because all life processes generate heat which is lost to the environment. What is usually of interest is the energy return on what YOU have invested. In this context, the answer depends on where the horse's food comes from (grazing vs. fed hay/oats) and what was necessary to grow crops or maintain pasture.

From a strictly energetic perspective, there is this reference to what daily calorie requirements for a horse are:

http://www.thewayofhorses.com/calories_0406.html

A hard working horse needs 32.8 megacalories/day. If you work your horse 8 hours per day at a steady 1 hp, this would deliver about 5 megacalories of energy. Thus, the ratio of in/out is a little over 15%.

Wikipedia has this bit on what horses can actually deliver:

R. D. Stevenson and R. J. Wasserzug published an article in Nature 364, 195-195 (15 July 1993) calculating the upper limit to an animal's power output. The peak power over a few seconds has been measured to be as high as 14.9 hp. However, for longer periods an average horse produces less than one horsepower.

YHMV

..of interest is the energy return on what YOU have invested.

Exactly. Otherwise it would be the same question as asking what return Nature has on itself, which is barely over 1 (1.00001, if I have enough zeros in there:-) not speaking thermodynamically, of course.

I ask the question because of historical considerations (and the question to what is sustainable or what we can expect from future systems).

Agriculture is (for humans, of course) a positive-sum game in the short term at least. The domestication of the horse was a huge development on the political stage, but not on the agricultural. Horses were used a long time only for transportation and later for warfare (probably the reason that the Indo-European languages made their first great expansion five thousand years ago.) Meaning: their ENERGY return was certainly very negative unless used as a part of a pastoral way of life - herding (war being generally a drain on resources).

This analysis remains true well through the Roman times.

One of the European advantages in the Middle Ages was the integration of the harnessed horse (instead of using a yoke) into the economy (10th century ad). This allowed using a horse for heavy work, in this case to pull a plough in the "wet" clay soils of the lower regions. (There are many other advantages that were integrated at the time, but I'm worried about the horse right now..-)

The horse is twice as efficient as the ox in the field - once the harness was developed (invented in China from 4th BC to 5th ad.). But in order to "fuel" the horse, oats (domesticated in Bronze Age Europe) were cultivated on a large scale. The symbiosis horse/oats worked best in Europe's "wet"-climate agricultural system.

Now, the question to EROI is obviously not answerable because
1. Region/Intensity/Task is different for most horses.
2. The horse is a "tool" like the car or tractor and not the energy source (obviously having about the same efficiency as a ICE according to your equation, Joules). The question would have to be reframed in "Work Return on Work Invested". And I would suspect that the return is higher than the middle of Euan's curve (meaning 1:7) whereas (for all you who looked at the slavery question) human return is probably about (less than) 1:2 and for this reason only works in societies where MOST of the people are slaves.

Anyway..

Cheers, Dom

We need to be breeding horses urgently.
So few Shire horses left they are practically endangered and we will need as many as we can get for ploughing the fields before too long.

Our grandathers ploughed fields with horses.
We use tractors
Our children will use spades if we don't breed more horses.

There are systems of agriculture that not only don't plow, but consider plowing a negative.

No horses for me, thanks.

Cheers