But what about black holes? :-)

Is the gravitational pull exerted coming from outside the Schwarzschild radius or from within (but nothing can escape from within.)

It comes from the curvature of spacetime around the Schwarzchild radius. Though the matter of whether or not anything escapes is still somewhat open, the curvature should also generate blackbody radiation proportional to the curvature (smaller radius ≡ more curvature).