258 comments on The Slavery of Oil
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258 comments on The Slavery of Oil
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GAIA Host Collective
Norway is a net exporter of aluminum and some other energy intensive products from the electrochemical and petrochemical industry.
In this way you may view Norway as a net exporter of hydroelectric energy (though this energy is embedded in aluminum or other products). One of the reasons for establishment of aluminum plants in Norway (which also goes for Canada and Iceland, just to name a few others) was the availability to cheap and plenty hydroelectric power.
Nat gas consumption in Norway is primarily within the petroleum industry generating electricity for (amongst others) pumping the oil either to onshore facilities or onboard tankers.
Nat gas is extensively used offshore also in the separation process of oil, water and nat gas and to recompress the nat gas for pipeline transport or for reinjection into reservoirs to increase recovery.
To explore for oil and nat gas also requires energy which is accounted for in the total Norwegian energy consumption.
Refineries, petrochemical plants and gas processing plants also uses electricity from hydropower.
Norway presently also have a strict building code for insulating houses.
For Ormen Lange (the second largest gas field in operation in Norway), the high pressure needed to deliver the nat gas to customers is generated by compressors running on hydroelectric power.
As of now Norway is a net exporter of;
- Oil
- NGL's
- Nat gas
- Coal (though small amounts)
- Hydroelectric power (in some years directly), but also embedded in exported products (what some refer to as "grey" energy).
To be a net energy exporter requires some energy.
Yep. This damn EROEI once again.
The BP statistics don't include the oil that Norway exports in the consumption statistics, but it does include the oil that is needed to produce the oil that Norway exports.
I quickly looked at EIA data. It seems that Norway exports about 10 times as much oil and gas as it consumes locally. Assuming an EROEI of 20, which is a reasonable guess, Norway spends about 5% of the exported energy to produce energy. This would then be almost 50% of what it consumes locally, which would almost explain the 60% higher energy consumption in comparison with Sweden.
The numbers aren't easily comparable, so I may be off by a few percentage points. I would need a complete Sankey diagram for Norway to do a better job. However, the EROEI of exported oil together with other types of gray energy (such as the energy spent in producing aluminum for export) may indeed account for the higher energy consumption.
It's a similar story for Canada, which is a large, cold country with a sparse population and relatively large transportation costs for goods. Canada exports about 55% of natural gas production (NRCan data) and about 75% of its oil production (BP workbook).