If you borrow 10k from your banker, and you run into difficulty repaying the loan, you have a problem. If you borrow 10 billion (or 100b), and you have a problem paying it back, your banker has a problem. There is simply nothing the Asian bankers can do with their dollars that can hurt us, whether they dump them for Euros (pumping up the Euro, causing our European friends to squeal, and helping us export to Europe), buy gold (which we export) or burn them. Eventually dollars must be exchanged to the US for goods and services - there is nothing else they can be used for. (The current practice of buying paper, stocks and bonds, simply puts off the return of our wandering dollars.) No doubt they see their side of the conundrum quite clearly.
Pretty soon the one-child policy will present younger Chinese workers with their own problem: how to care for their two ageing parents, and without any help from SS. There will come a time when they become net importers of finished goods, certainly including food and health products, and will convert their dollars into goods and services, completing the trade of goods that is one-sided today. When this period begins the inflation we exported to Asia will return along with our dollars to the US.
This is a very interesting way of thinking about our borrowing.

Just as a thought experiment, what exactly is to keep us from repudiating that mountain of debt, once they decide they want to start spending those dollars in a big way?

Nothing. Of course, the Chinese might be required to sell thermonuclear weapons to the Iraqi insurgency to pay for their oil if we default on the money we owe them.