It is a fairly basic method of drawing a local map, with the assumption that the curvature of the Earth can be neglected in the process.  You need a flat table, paper, and a special telescope (to make sure that you are accurately lined up on the target). The process itself is described in more detail here .  But in essence you start from two points and build your map out by drawing a line on the paper from where you are to points you want to identify, from both locations, and with the line between the two points accurately positioned on the paper.  Where the two lines from the initial points intersect give you the map position of the targets.
Basic Surveying.  I was trained as a Landscape Architect. But have had 5 years of intense Digital Surface Mapping, both of above ground land and Below surface land, in the Below Surface land It was the worlds Oceans and Coastlines.

 My Dad's Whole family was either into Oil Wells or Coal mines.  Basic knowledge on the subject has been drilled into me. (pun intended).

 Thanks for another Great Piece.

 One question,  I wonder how we could get a few 4D data spreads from Saudi Arabia?  Even if we had to do them ourselves!  (Yo, CIA goon,  Take this hammer and hit this plate real hard!  LOL,)

Actually there have been the odd references to 4D in some of the papers out of Aramco.  The only one I currently remember (and I haven't looked in a fair while) commented that it was still proving very difficult to detect the movement of the water:oil interface.