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GAIA Host Collective
I suppose covered ponds would give you an ability to measure surface transfer, but you have to maintain your pond cover.
The people who first started looking at algae were considering open ponds - I imagine because of the low capital costs. These days people have given up on that approach, for several reasons.
First of all, some strains of algae have a high oil content, but many do not. In an open pond, what would happen is that you get competing strains growing in the pond which you don't want. A closed system makes it much easier to keep out unwanted strains of algae.
Secondly, it is harder to maintain the optimum growth temperature in an open pond.
Finally, I gather that an open pond would lose a lot of water from evaporation. A closed system wouldn't have this problem.
That would absolutely be enough to require a closed system.
A bioreactor might work for a furnace output, if you could find people willing to pay for the installation.