The Hubbert Linearization (HL) Method; The UK Model & Recent Discussions

The HL Method
When we integrate the area under a production rate versus time graph, we get Ultimate Recoverable Reserves, URR, or Qt.  So far, the HL method appears to be the most objective way, IMO, of estimating Qt.

As described by Deffeyes, building on work done by Hubbert, the HL method involves plotting annual production (P) divided by cumulative production to date (Q) to get the Qt  for a region.  

The key point to keep in mind is that the method is better at estimating the reserves, and not as good at estimating precise production rates.  Regions tend to peak at about 50% of Qt.  Regions that peak later than 50% of Qt tend to have steeper post-peak decline rates, e.g.. Texas, which had a steeper decline rate than the overall Lower 48.

There are probably at least four definitions of  "oil."  

Crude
Crude + Condensate (Known as C+C)
Crude + Condensate + NGL's
Crude + Condensate + NGL's + Everything Else
(Refinery gains, ethanol, etc., known at "Total Liquids")

In in his most recent book, Deffeyes, apparently using C+C, put Qt at 2,000 Gb and the 50% of Qt mark in late 2005.   As has been noted, world C+C production (EIA) has been down since 12/05.  

Khebab, in this article:  http://www.energybulletin.net/16459.html, put the C+C + NGL's Qt at 2,235 Gb, with the exact 50% of Qt mark probably in very early 2007.

The 50% of Qt mark for Total Liquids will probably be a little bit later than the C +C + NGL's 50% mark.

I would prefer to deal with crude or C+C, since I define "oil" as the primary feedstock that oil companies buy to refine into petroleum products and since the HL method does not really work on gas reservoirs, and a  large percentage  of NGL's (and even condensate ) comes from gas reservoirs.  

The UK Model
There are two primary reasons to do HL plots:  (1)  to estimate the URR for a region and (2) to develop models for the world and key regions like KSA.  

The production history of the UK as a model for other regions seems to be a recurring theme, and I have often wondered why.  First, it is a sub-basin, a part of the overall North Sea province.  Second, it has a very noisy production profile, principally because of the Piper Alpha accident.  

I really don't see a case for using the UK as a  model for anything.  First and foremost this is because of the P/Q intercept, or K, of about 16%, which implies a very steep decline rate, which is exactly what we have seen.  Khebab and Deffeyes show a K of 5% for the world.  Khebab shows a K of 6.7% for KSA.   Second, the UK is a relatively small sub-basin with a noisy production history.

I submit that Texas, the prior swing producer, with a K of 7.7%, makes a much better model for KSA, and the Lower 48, with a K of 6.3%, makes a much better model for the world.   Mathematically, KSA in 2005 was where Texas was at when it peaked, and KSA is showing lower production.  Mathematically, the world (C+C) in late 2005 was where the Lower 48 was at when it peaked, the world is showing lower C+C production.  

Recent Discussions
There have been a lot of very confusing posts done recently by Hothgor.  His basic theme has been that HL estimates by Deffeyes and Khebab, et al, are too conservative, and the worst case is that the peak is several years away.  

Hothgor showed some fragmentary HL plots with guesstimated cumulative production number in order to bolster his case.   I suggested that he simply use the same BP data base that Khebab used (C +C + NGL's).  Hothgor initially objected with the somewhat novel response that if he used the same data at Khebab, he would get the "same results." I believe that he posted another fragmentary HL plot using the BP data base that more or less matched Khebab's estimate.

In any case, this all started with Laherrere's HL plot, which shows three Qt estimates.  The largest estimate is apparently based on heavily weighting a very small inflection on the last three data points.  As I have repeatedly pointed out, we saw much larger inflections in the Texas, Lower 48 and KSA HL plots, right before they started showing lower production.  In fact, these small deviations from the overall HL trend are probably indicators of peaking production.  

Summary
IMO, we are going to see three liquids peaks:  C+C; C+C + NGL's and Total Liquids.  I think that we are between the first and second peaks.   IMO, this is bolstered by the near certain decline or crash of the four current super giant oil fields.

As Deffeyes and Simmons warned/predicted and as the Lower 48/Texas models suggested, the world and KSA are showing lower (C+C) production.  

IMO, unconventional sources of liquids will serve to slow, but not reverse the long term decline in total liquids production.

Finally, I have been frankly astonished the degree of credibility that some, such as Robert and Cry Wolf, have given these posts by Hothgor, who used a series of poorly researched fragmentary HL plots, largely based on guesstimated cumulative production numbers, to bolster his case, which was largely based on extrapolating three data points.  The phrase "Grasping at straws" comes to mind.

I can only compare the response given to Hothgor to the level of criticism that I received, especially from Robert, regarding my central three points:  (1)  world C+C production has peaked (2)  KSA has peaked and (3)  world oil exports are falling faster than world C+C production.

Thanks for this summary, and for explaining some figure names which are present in most discussions.

Ulrich Nehls

Weatexas, thanks for a great post. I agree, world C+C has peaked, Saudi has peaked and it is just plain common sense that exports will fall faster than production. People will take care of their own ass before they worry about their neighbors.

Ron Patterson

Ron,

Mark us down for being in the tiny "Deffeyes" camp.  You can begin to imagine the crap that Hubbert got regarding his peak oil speech in 1956--14 years before the Lower 48 production peak.  

As I said before, if we were having this argument regarding the Lower 48 peak, it would be in 1971, the first year of the decline.  Texas was then in the process of showing something like a 7% increase in production over 1970 production.  So I'm sure that everyone in the anti-peak oil crowd was then saying that the C+C downturn had no meaning, and that production would soon resume a growth pattern.

Jeffrey Brown

"Mark us down for being in the tiny "Deffeyes" camp."

Make that Three.

The best answer will come in the next year or so.
Or in "1972-74" in your analogy WT.

John

Make that four
How about five...
I'm there.
add me in as number 4.
i find your work much better then many here.
   I'm with you also. From Dec 05 to June 06 prices went bananas and supplies of Crude and NGL's dropped. No significant change in all liquids production in 18 months. Energy riots throughout much of the third world. What will it take to convince some people?
A copy of my answer to Hotgor posted here:

Hotgor,

I believe you did a good job crunching the numbers. You have replicated all the HL results that have been published. I don't see major problems in your calculations.

I don't have much time to give a detail answer. Here is my problem:

1. you are putting too much confidence in the estimated URR derived from the HL technique. The error interval is fairly significant. You can find an error analysis performed by Stuart here and myself here.  If you do a boostrapping analysis on the HL fit for CC+NGL, you get the following URR estimate distribution:


you can see that the 90% confidence interval is 1500-3500Gb! Consequently, fluctuations in the URR estimates of several 100's of Gb are not surprising. Conclusion: the HL technique is a very imprecise estimator


2. You said: I will state yet again that I believe it is time for the PO community to seriously use the total liquids HL in their own discussions. As gr1nn3r said  yesterday, I quote: "we have some corn ethanol here so we can just assume that there is 800 more Gb in SA.". By mixing sources, your URR estimate will get higher but it will be impossible to form any conclusions on the oil depletion. Why not including the barrels of oil equivalent of the electricity used by eclectric vehicles? For sure, you will probably never observe any Peak Oil.


3. The logistic modeling is not appropriate for all the fuel sources. For instance if you use the HL on the Canadian Tar sands production assuming prior knowledge of the URR at 179 Gb, it gives me an unrealistic production profile peaking in 2050 at more than 9.7 mbpd! (The most optimistic forecast is giving 4.0 mbpd in 2020)

I would never argue statistics with the master, Khebab.  I speak the truth here.  I quit doing HL work when I realized that Khebab is on a far higher plane, math wise, that I am.  

But a couple of points.  

I think that you agree that we are at, or within the margin of error, of the 50% of Qt mark for C+C and C+C+NGL's and probably for total liquids too.  Given this, it is interesting that world C+C production is trending down and total liquids production is basicaly flat.  (BTW, do you have a current C+C+NGL number versus 2005?)

Also, the two largest discrete producing regions in the world, to date, have been the Lower 48 and Russia.  The post-1970 cumulative Lower 48 production and the post-1984 cumulative Russian production were basically exactly what your HL model predicted they would be, using only Lower 48 data through 1970 and only Russian data through 1984 to generate the predicted cumulative production.

So, given all of the foregoing, the question is,what is the most likely scenario?  

IMO, the most likely scenario is that we are past peak C+C production and just before peak C+C+NGL production--especially given the near certain decline of the four current super giants.

Westexas/Khebab,

Your arguments become more convincing with each passing day.

You guys had it rough when oil production was rising.  But you still didn't hesitate to make the call on the coming peak.

What I never would have imagined is that once oil production started to fall, you would come under even heavier fire.

Keep up the good work.

SAT

Hmmmmmmmm.
Hey, I didn't stockpile all this tuna for nothing.
It is in cans, or what's the deal?(OK, confession, I just pissed myself laughing). I wish Odo was here.

And the Gold is where? In the cupboard? The dumbwaiter?

Aw, man, you are the best thing that ever happened to this site.

Mercury. Don't eat it lots of it all at once.

SAT - just a week to go.  I'm not at home right now so can't post any plots.  I'd just warn against drawing too much from the fact that oil production is falling right now.

I'm 75% convinced that is due to demand falling - and with OPEC cutting production we once again have growing spare capacity - hence softening prices.

If you look at the demand curve for the last 25 years (some people call this the production curve)you see that while the overall trend is up, and well-correlated with world population growth, that the line wiggles around - sharp rises followed by periods of settling back to trend.

I am 100% convinced that a sure fire sign of being past peak will be falling production (a  production led as opposed to a demand led fall) correlating with escalating prices.

It is always possible that demand is falling ahead of the production curve at present, and the two lines cross on the way down.  But I don't think so.  The consensus view in London yesterday is 2010 - 2012 - apart from a couple of Corn folks who belive that the Earth is flat - trouble is one of them is a highly respected Prof of Economics whose views still carry more weight than mine.

I am 100% convinced that a sure fire sign of being past peak will be falling production (a  production led as opposed to a demand led fall) correlating with escalating prices.

CW,

The previous (nominal) peak in oil prices was pretty close to Yergin's predicted long term index price of $38 per barrel.  As you know, Yergin's point was that rising production would force prices down.  

IMO, the opposite has happened, with falling oil production forcing oil prices up to ration remaining supplies via price, resulting in oil prices trading in record high (nominal) range this year--50% to 100% higher than Yergin's long term index price and 50% to 100% higher than the previous (nominal) peak.

I think that we are starting a new round of bidding for declining oil supplies, especially for declining exports.

I think that you agree that we are at, or within the margin of error, of the 50% of Qt mark for C+C and C+C+NGL's and probably for total liquids too.

I believe that we are entering a production plateau or a least a slower growth period  for C+C and probably C+C+NGL (the NGPL production is losing steam and has peaked so far in 2005/02).
Given this, it is interesting that world C+C production is trending down and total liquids production is basically flat.  (BTW, do you have a current C+C+NGL number versus 2005?)

You can check on my last PO Update. I'm currently working on the next one for mid-November.

From last month EIA numbers:

C+C:

2005: 73.49 mbpd     
2006 (7 months): 73.38 mbpd
Monthly Peak Prod.:
2005-12    at 74.05 mbpd

C+C+NGL:

2005: 81.23 mbpd     
2006 (7 months): 81.15 mbpd
Monthly Peak Prod.:
2005-05    at 81.77 mbpd

Note the EAI is almost always revising down its early estimates for C+C.

Given this level of imprecision on determining URR, what is the resulting confidence interval for the date of peak production?
Very wide! That's a problem that has plagued the PO community since the beginning, they never give confidence intervals! (see the ASPO's forecasts for instance). Giving the poor quality of the data an the inherent error of the curve fitting approach, you have at least a +/-5 years 90% confidence interval on the peak date estimate. Stuart is saying May 2007 +- 4.5 years for C+NGL.
...you have at least a +/-5 years 90% confidence interval on the peak date estimate.

And this is the crux of EVERYTHING.  Even with the error variance of the analysis, if we have not hit the plateau, we are VERY stinking close to it.  So close, that if we don't make some changes soon, it will be very difficult to recover from with any sense of civility.

crux. word of the day. who started this?
french word for cross right?

we used it as a kid rock climbing for the hardest part of a climb.

of words to randomly use it is better than machiavellian.

google matt savinar machiavellian

Actually, cross is "croix" in french, a homonymn to "crois" meaning I beleive.  Crux could be latin.
Crux is indeed Latin.  In astronomy crux is the southern cross.  The crux of the matter is a common expression in Canada referring to the decisive point at issue.  My English grandfather would use the word more in the sense of a puzzle or a conundrum.
Ya...I saw that it was used further down the thread and did a double take...I just threw it out when I posted...hadn't read the other bits using it.
With rising demand, even a plateau is a major problem.  Furthermore, with decreasing EROEI, the "plateau" is actually a gradual decline, see comments further down.
...with decreasing EROEI, the plateau is actually a gradual decline...

This is not understood and/or given enough attention.  Outside of TOD, few people get it AT ALL.

Given the numbers I see here on  options to 'cheap oil', might this be a steeper-than-gradual decline?  

It's a positive feedback loop-type situation.  It takes more energy to get more energy, and more energy to get the more energy to get more energy, and so on.

Maybe we could do a thread on this sometime?  

Thread on what? Inside TOD few people get it.Including those that supposedly GET IT. We need a negative feedback-loop type situation. Cuz the other one isn't working.

OK! I'm walking off, boss. Shakin' the branch,boss. Shakin' it, Skakin' it... The OC is gone, runnin for my life, runnin from my wife, git up git git down 9-1-1 is a joke in yo town...

Theoretically, if the production follows a logistic curve, you can find the peak by plotting P'/P against Qt (P' is the rate of change in production).  This should give a straight line which intercepts the P'/P axis at the peak.  The data probably deviates too far from the logistic model for this to be accurate, but it will give a rough value.
Due to the fact that we have data up until this point, and every point further represents an increasing chance of being at peak a "+/- (# of years)" confidence interval doesn't seem appropriate.  That chance looks something (just throwing numbers out there) like (10% 2006),(20% 2007), (30% 2008), (50% 2009)...(98% 2015).  It's skewed toward the future.
A copy of my statement that Khebab is responding too:


I wanted to present my own findings for the night, using data that I hope fits in with both Deffeyes AND Khebabs previous HL work.


I will start with Deffeyes:


First, I downloaded the world C+C figures from the EIA at http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table22.xls  This gave me figures for total C+C from the world from the years 1980 to 2004.  In order to include the data from 2005, I had to download http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ipsr/t41c.xls and I copied the 2005 figure into the previous table for total world.


Next, I had to devise an estimate of total C+C production that would also satisfy the demand of Deffeyes for C+C production from 1985-2005 to max out at 2250 Gb.  This figure ended up being 460 Gb for cumulative C+C from 1850-1984.


Plugging in all of this data yielded:




Notice how nicely my HL fits in with Deffeyes own data.  The Qt is approximately 2251 Gb






Now I included the above 2 graphs to help demonstrate how future AND past production trends can influence Qt on a HL.    My 2006 figure was based on a C+C output of 73,500,000 bpd C+C, which was slightly lower then last years 73,554,000 bpd C+C.  As you can see, I am doing my best to be as transparent about my thought process as I can be.


I would like to note that from my 2002 graph to my 2006 graph, Qt increased by 229 Gb 'which is like adding another KSA' or a 4 year average of 57.25 Gb per year.  If current production trends are continued as Rembrant has maintained, this trend is likely to continue until 2010 for an Qt of approximately 2544 Gb, or 293 Gb more then Deffeyes predicted.  This figure does NOT include extraction increases on the downslope past 2012, and the likelihood of that NOT happening is remote at best.


Now on to Khebab's C+C + NGL.  I went directly to his source data at BP  This excel file allowed me to view C+C + NGL data for the entire world.


Now in order to devise an estimate of C+C + NGL that was in agreement with Khebabs 2235 Gb, I had to include cumulative production prior to 1965 of 157 Gb.


Plugging in all of this data yielded:




This is in good, although not perfect, agreement with Khebabs own HL charts found here.  Khebab, if my cumulative figure is incorrect, or my years that YOU used are wrong, PLEASE let me know so that I can fix this!  I did my best to count your 'dots', and I'm very tired :)


Now, I prefer to keep my charts consistent with what I have done in the past, so I continued to use Laherrere's 1985-2006 range.  My graphs noting this are as follows:








In order to get my 2006 data, I had to guesstimate the C+C + NGL production for this year based on the average difference between BPs C+C + NGL figures and the EIAs C+C for the last couple of years.  I came up with 80,000,000 bpd as opposed to last years 81,088,000 bpd.


Notice how different my HL are when using 1985-2005 as opposed to Khebabs 1983-2005: the change is a fairly significant 71 Gb.  Furthermore, as I noted above, total increase from 2002 to 2006 is a whopping 200 Gb, or again another KSA country.  Thats an annual increase of 50 Gb a year.  As I noted above, extrapolating for Rembrants own 2012 trend expectation, we come up with an additional 300 Gb.  This brings the total production rate up to 2646 Gb.


Now, an astute observer would note that this is a CLOSE figure to what I came up with using only C+C.  The explanation?  The most likely culprit is a statistical fluke, as my data is in close agreement with the 'litmus test' I was required to meet.  Another possibility is that I underestimated this years C+C + NGL production rate.  Yet another possibility is an imminent peak of world NG, so perhaps westexas is correct in regards to that after all :P  Time will tell of course.


In conclusion, I hope that these charts will help to silence my critics in regards to my total liquids HL, as I have clearly demonstrated that I was able to successfully produce a HL based not only on Deffeye's C+C data, but Khebab's C+C + NGL data.


I also want to point out that in both cases, the final Qt GREW after including the last 4 years data, data that westexas has in the past dismissed as nothing more then an anomaly.  This is a useful insight to combine with current HL models, and helps to accurately predict real world discoveries and ultimate extraction advances.


Seeing how I worked my way up from C+C to C+C + NGL, I think it is then only fair to also include my Total Liquids HL, which included C+C + NGL + Unconventional sources.




Obviously, the PO community cant champion the cause of only one HL chart 'C+C vs C+C + NGL', so I will state yet again that I believe it is time for the PO community to seriously use the total liquids HL in their own discussions.  I realize that its now nearly 3 in the morning where I live, so I will save this response and use it again in tomorrows drumbeat where we can hopefully pick up the debate where we left off 'after the horde of angry troll-preachers showed up'.


Good Night!!

I agree. Total liquids is what the world sees. Predicting this is more difficult but should be tried.
Hothgor,

Does your offer of sharing the .xls still stand?
I would very much like to see it.

rethin*at*gmail.com

A couple comments,

  1. the slight lift above the trend line may be an extraordinary response by the oil industry to lift production above what ordinarilly nature would have given us (Hubberts Curve). This has occured because we are at peak, and I think someone has pointed out this happened around the US peak.

  2. The arguement about the exact URR being 100-200 billion barrels higher or lower only makes a few years difference to the peak anyway, so I don't really understand what your point is.

Given point (2) that we are close to peak either way doesn't it seem likely that point (1) could be correct and that we may be suspicious that the last few data points are in fact an abberation?
Thats interesting to point out, but whats even more interesting is that in order for the total liquids URR to meet up with predictions from other credible HLers, production for the past 4 years would have to average 76 million bpd.  For reference, this years production will be at least 84 million bpd, if not more :)

What total liquids urr predictions and from what credible HLers are you refering to?

I was told HL is not applicable to total liquids.

What am I missing here?

Nevermind, I found where you made that claim yesterday.

And what do you know. Khebab shot down that claim.

You are still comparing All Liquids and Crude Oil + NGL and Crude Oil + condensate like they are interchangeable.

Come on man, get with the program

'Laugh'

I was refering mainly to Laherrere, and seeing how he works with the supposed 'big papa' Campbell, it is of an at least reputable source.  Also, as was pointed out in todays drumbeat, Khebab stated that my numbers were fairly accurate once he took a closer look at them and realized the source of the data.  Thats hardly a shot down :P

And as I stated before today, we need to count ALL Liquids, as this is what matters.  Not C+C only or C+C + NGL.  But keep spinning it.

Laherrere uses all liquids.
The "credible HLers" use C+C or C+C+NGL

Therefore


whats even more interesting is that in order for the total liquids URR to meet up with predictions from other credible HLers, production for the past 4 years would have to average 76 million bpd.  For reference, this years production will be at least 84 million bpd, if not more

is not only not interesting. But its comparing apples and oranges. Its just noise. You were already told it was a bad comparison yet you continue to make it.

I didn't say your numbers were inaccurate. I said you are comparing two different things. But way to change the subject.

oh yeah, and your reply was yet another non-sequitor.
BTW, you've had my numbers and xml files for several hours at this point, and I have yet to see any triumphant flag waving from your side.

Am I to then assume that you cant refute the data sets I used?

I am in no position to "refute" much of anything. True I did want to see how you did what you did. But that was for two reasons.
  1. I want to see how its done.
  2. Its only fair to give your conclusions a run through. Would you rather I dismiss them outright?

But if you want to, I can continue to repeat what others have told you (but you refuse to listen to).

  1. You can't do HL on all liquids.
  2. You can't directly compare c+c, c+c+ngl, and all liquids.

But I have little doubt you will continue to do both. Seeing as it gets you data to fit your conclusions. Methodology be damned.
By your own logic then, we never should have left the realms of using only crude oil for our HLs.  And why is it that we have done so?  As the worlds use of hydrocarbons has evolved over time, so too have our HLs.  I only continued this trend by providing the next logical step to show a HL for total liquids.
Its NOT MY logic.

It has been explained to you why you can't do HL on all liquids. Don't be coy.

You are nothing but a dirty rotten troll. You have nothing positive to contribute. Go away.

You can not magically wish away all liquids.  They are used, processed, burned, refined, or combined with many other things.  In a sense, all liquids encompasses the totality of our current energy paradigm.

The more you keep denying their usefulness, the more moronic you become.

I don't think anyone is necessarily denying that "all liquids encompasses the totality of our current energy paradigm." (By the way, aren't you forgetting coal and nuclear?)

It is my understanding that you cannot apply HL to a renewable resource such as biodiesel or ethanol. Why? Because it is RENEWABLE. Renewable resources aren't mined, they're grown. Oil is mined. A renewable resource will not PEAK unless the sun dissapears or there are no more nutrients in the soil or the water table drops.

HL can only apply to that which peaks.

As several people have pointed out here on the TOD, ethanol requires massive FF inputs for sustainable outputs in all countries outside of Brazil.  The two are very closely linked to one another.  As such, you have to look at both fuels to get a more complete figure.

FWIW, my stance on all HL is that they are a very poor predictive technique outside of a few select fields.

And if you do a HL on Ethanol you are double counting the oil for exactly that reason.

But Hothgor knows this.

He's just trolling.

There is a very simple reason why you can't do a HL on a renewable resource. HL finds the URR of a resource. Renewables have NO URR! There is no limit to the amount of ethanol that can be made! The sun will always provide a minimal amount of energy input and you will be able to make ethanol, just not enough to necessarily do anything useful.

Just in case you got distracted there, I'll say it again. HL cannot be used on a renewable resource or any resource that has a renewable component because a URR for that resource does not exist.

Ethanol doesn't exist.  It is a myth perpetuated by cornucopians.  Don't believe what they say...

Doom...
Doom...
Doom...

And thats the last I will say on the subject :)

Ethanol doesn't exist? Are you still living in prohibition?
You can pound a screw in with a hammer, but it doesn't work for crap.
Finally, I have been frankly astonished the degree of credibility that some, such as Robert and Cry Wolf, have given these posts by Hothgor, who used a series of poorly researched fragmentary HL plots, largely based on guesstimated cumulative production numbers, to bolster his case, which was largely based on extrapolating three data points.  The phrase "Grasping at straws" comes to mind.

What I am doing is encouraging his latest efforts, as opposed to his earlier stuff. He is putting much more time and effort into his latest entries, and that is to be commended. Whether his argument ultimately has merit is another matter. But debate should be encouraged, not discouraged by calling people names. But that doesn't mean you shouldn't attempt to blow his argument out of the water.

I think you seriously misunderstand my position. I am not suggesting that Hothgor be afforded any more credibility than anyone else. I am suggesting that he is attempting to make an actual contribution to the debate. You should relish this opportunity to defeat his arguments. When I write a controversial essay, I am looking for the dissenting opinion. This is where my argument becomes stronger, or this is where I am forced to modify or abandon it. Addressing the dissenting opinions is where people learn. The debate is where people learn. I love to see people lock horns, and I love to lock horns myself. It is how I learn.

I think we have now calculated that 4.1452353 Angels will fit on the head of a pin.

The figures you are calculating on are only accurate to 1% or less.

Hubbert had accurate figures for the US. We do not for the world - we have a set of lies and gesstimates.

Please remember this (sigh - I keep repeating this - no one listens).
 

Maybe it is typical that, as a region's production plateaus, there is a frenzied effort to drill more holes to maintain/increase production, exactly as occurred in texas in the early seventies and as we have seen over the past couple of years is SA.  This increased effort might then boost produciton a bit above the curve because a little production has been borrowed from the future.
Most under-rated Poster on TOD. JKISSING. Amazingly accurate. Totally nonchalant. Never gets sucked into anything. Unphased. Everything I wish I could be, but never attained. If you had been my father, we coulda made a good team. My Dad's one of the smartest guys around. If he was Dick Cheney, maybe we could save this planet. But he's not. So I have to try it on my own. First Pick? Yeah, I'll take JKISSING.
I'm quite easily sucked in when offered a ray of hope from one of tptb such as yourself.  You are too kind... glossing over my shame of recent price predictions...  
Now, will 06 TL be higher or lower than 05?  Your answer could make me a rich man...
"October 30 - USA - Matt Simmons, long time oil industry insider and author of 'Twilight in the desert', observes at the ASPO conference that while several public bodies see oil supply at a plateau (or a 'bumpy' plateau) until some point in the band 2010 - 2015, there are so few oil rigs now left available in the world, and the existing rigs are so old and high maintainance, that not only is it physically impossible to keep supply growing, but also that "sustaining the base" production for the next 5 to10 years is "not impossible but extremely long odds". "

As West Texas has previously noted, there is a large sucking sound as SA absorbs all available rigs for (esp) offshore drilling.

And, in spite of SA rig count up 2.5x, production has declined all year.
Re: The key point to keep in mind is that the method is better at estimating the reserves, and not as good at estimating precise production rates

Yeah, no kidding. In fact, the model has little to say about extraction rates other than those predicted by the bell curve after peak production has apparently been reached -- for a field?, a basin?? a country???, a world????