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I remember reading that you need 8 MW of wind to replace 1 MW of coal/nuclear baseload because of the intermittency. At this ratio, to replace a single 1GW nuclear station you would need 3 or 4 thousand monster turbines at a cost of many tens of billions of pounds, not to mention vast quantities of steel and concrete, an army of installers and maintainers, and a legal team to shut down objections from angry country dwellers.
So much for sustainable, and thats just replacing a single power station!
"Vandalize the countryside". Yes, some people's aesthetics will be sacrificed, others will come to like them (particularly with time). Some Icelanders oppose planting trees, even though Iceland was covered with trees "from the sea to the mountains" before their ancestors cut them all down for sheep. They prefer their environmental stripmine. OTOH, the Dutch like and try to preserve their old windmills.
All in what you are used to !
A wind turbine can replace the energy used in it's manufacture in about a year or so, with 20+ more years to add to the economic surplus.
And I STRONGLY suspect that lawyers are a renewable and sustainable resource :-P
Newer wind energy converters now have up to 6 MW.
It makes a lot of sense to build wind parks offshore. First of all the wind is stronger there, it blows more steadily, and the wind energy convertes obviously don't vandalize the landscpae out there.
A lot of wind power has also been built next to highways and motorways recently.
The "limousine liberals" of Cape Cod island Massachusetts strongly support renewable neergy, except when a proposed offshore wind farm might clutter their view of the ocean.
Computer simulations show very small images out at the horizon.
Obviously, the sea has to be quite flat for this to work.
As always, there is NIMB attitude. Each small village demands underground cabling, but for a 380 kV line, that is exorbitantly expensive. As a result, it takes 10 years to build a new power line - the wind power is growing much faster.
The back of the envelope cost for Megawatt class Windmills is about $1 USD per Watt. (.54 GBP)
To replace a 1GW power station with Wind would cost roughly $8 Bn USD
Now I don't know if you've priced a new Nuclear Power plant lately, but a while back I Googled about to find out how much they cost. link
In other words, Wind costs 1/4 to 1/3 per watt of installed nameplate capacity.
Let's assume you are correct, and that the real ratio is 8:1 to handle the baseline load. That mans that you need to spend twice as much on windmills as you do on a Nuke Plant.
Of course, it takes 7 to 10 years to complete a Nuke plant, and there is NO electricity for those years, and the interest on the loans to build the thing just keeps rising. Then once you have completed it, you need to fuel it, and we have only found about 50 years of good EROEI uranium, (At present use rates) and as the purity of the remaining ore goes down, the amount of fossil fuels to mine and refine it goes up. THEN, at the plant end of life, you have to decommission it and store the waste for several times longer than recorded human civilization.
With a wind farm, you can begin electricity production as you add towers, and they economically pay for themselves in less than a year. There is no ongoing fuel cost, minimal downtime for maintenance, and when they wear out you can re-use the tower (Which is a significant portion of the cost) with a new generator and blades. If you want to decommission one, you show up with a crane and take it away to melt it down to make a new ones.
The notion of thousands of windmills somehow seems to creep people out, but compared to the scars on the planet caused by our use of fossil fuels I'd choose them in a heartbeat. Besides, maybe if we saw them every day we'd be more aware of our energy use.
Only the UK, Scandinavia and the Baltic countries are not part of the grid, but there are links as well from Denmark, Germany and Poland to Sweden.
The international links are not very strong now, but the EU is working on expanding them.
In the future, offshore wind parks in the North Sea, the Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, and Solar in Spain, Italy, southern France could provide a very reliable energy source for Europe.
to convert 'Frog mains' to UK mains