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GAIA Host Collective
http://www.dom.com/about/stations/hydro/bath.jsp
Pumped air is limited to ~60% efficiency due to adiabatic heating/coolling.
Wind & hydro are a VERY good match. Hydro can be dam (run-of-river not so good) or pumped storage (ideal).
New Zealand can accept "at least" 35% wind energy because they are half hydro. Once they get close to 35%, they will study the issue more.
An interesting note. Hydro is twice as variable as wind on an annual basis (per speaker at HydroVision). "Wind droughts" are rare.
Except in the form of reduced water consumption in the dams, of course.
New Zealand can accept "at least" 35% wind energy because they are half hydro. Once they get close to 35%, they will study the issue more.
Does that mean that with a wind-hydro balancing system that you can install up to 70% of your hydro capacity as wind?
Note your point about droughts - its just that here in Scotland we've never had any direct experience of drought. Though in Norway, lesser snow falls in recent winters have left many magazines half empty - skiing across those in winter can be interesting with massive tangles of ice blocks along the shores.
Sounds plausible to me. You would also need good transmission linking the whole system.
Regards,
Thomas O. Gray
American Wind Energy Association
www.awea.org
www.ifnotwind.org