257 comments on Uranium Depletion and Nuclear Power: Are We at Peak Uranium?
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257 comments on Uranium Depletion and Nuclear Power: Are We at Peak Uranium?
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don't forget reddit and digg and the linkfarms!
Since this post uncritically reviews an article by a group of anti-nuclear activists and seems so at odds with what is known, without serious question, about the abundance of Uranium in the crust, it has the potential to seriously mislead people. This issue is one of the most important in the whole energy area, as oil and gas decline and we realize that coal cannot be the answer. I think TOD should try to get someone who is expert in this area to write a much more comprehensive and balanced article about the world Uranium and Thorium supply.
Well, this was a kind of response to just an aspect of the very much uncritical post by Martin Sevior.
That was part of the intention. To present this new paper to give the opportunity to discuss it.
It is not at odds. It only considers the reserves in the categories that can be most easily extracted.
The rest of the reserves not considered are labelled "Undiscovered Prognosticated and Speculative". A discussion of those would have to involve EROI factors as well as a bottom-up analysis of production through output potential. Those are more difficult and controversial.
Martin Sevoir is a physicist at the University of Melbourne, unconnected in any way with the nuclear industry. The website nuclearinfo, of which he is one of the main contributers, and from which most of his post here on TOD derives, was written by scientists unconnected with the nuclear industry under the rigours of peer review. Thus, it is misleading in the extreme to paint him as a propagandist for nuclear power and yourself as merely the other side of the coin.
As for peak uranium, two main facts give the lie to this contention:
1) The latest Red Book survey produced by the NEA and the IAEA gives 14 million tonnes of conventional resources in all reserve categories. This does not, however, include speculative resources in Australia which could conceivably double this figure.
2) Only $13 billion has been spent on uranium exploration in the last forty years. Compare this with the trillions spent on oil and then try to claim that all the mineable uranium has been found.
Yes, but............
He did make the point that oil reserves kept going up until the went inexorably down ;>) Why should we think that the Uranium industry is any different on that count?
Since oil isn't radioactive, maybe it is easier to find Uranium
He did make the point that oil reserves kept going up until the went inexorably down..
What is described follows the general principle of over-optimism followed by over-pessimism, if I may put it like that. For ex. I have money in the bank to refurbish a house, I over estimate my resources, don’t husband them properly, or plan well; when things start going west I suddenly say, no we can’t afford this, or that, or the other, we are broke, etc. Result: the house is not properly done.
Social psychology has shown, if one extrapolates from all kinds of studies on germane or tangential topics, that group-think, or group-processes (as contrasted with my illustrative individual example) can both amplify and mute such phenomena. In some cases, the group exagerates or polarises the individual opinions or planned actions (eg. risk taking: groups like it, individuals are more wary, which is quite comprehensible; or crowd behavior, everyone becomes infected with nutty zeal...) and in others it smoothes out the extremes to settle on a mean which is often very sensible and accurate (eg. bets; judicial decisions, etc. - the ‘hive’ mind.)
It is all a mystery.
Energy ‘reserves’ or energy future 'projections' are definetly subject to these processes. That is hardly STOP PRESS material I know..
I didn't say or suggest he is "connected with the nuclear industry". I said he has stated the position of the nuclear industry, which is true. Or can you find a single point of his article that either differs or disagrees with it?. You may conclude that what they call "their findings" prove the nuclear industry provides very good data and never lies. That is fine. But they sure are what the nuclear industry has to say.
And your two points don't change anything. The peak will probably be higher than their world production graph shows, as resources in the "Undiscovered" category are developed. And the tail will be less steep and will probably begin later. The paper points to a problem the nuclear industry will have if it ever expands beyond 80kt/year demand.
I would argue the reserves in the "Undiscovered" category will have a hard time to make up for the decline of the best, high grade reserves.
Nice. The "position of the nuclear industry" here also happens to be the "position of reality." Should we dig up a quack to claim up is down just to make sure that this "up is up" stuff doesn't go unchallenged? You've watched too much nightly news, not every issue has two equal sides that can be faced off in the sound-bite-athon.
Mr. Sevoir doesn't need to be directly connected to the nuclear industry for making a point out of the fact that he - and many other physicists - has nearly identical beliefs as the industry communicate.
I think it's a issue of self interest. Of course they want society to increase their budgets and become more interested in their fields of expertise.
At my faculty, those involved with nuclear very often have almost an copernician view of the possibilities within their field. They basically believe that the resource base is infinite and that all technical problems (e.g. waste) undoubtedly will be solved.
Sometimes it's hard to tell - did they teach econ classes in a previous life?
Martin Sevoir's speciality is particle physics, not nuclear. He, together with scientists from various specialities, conducted an impartial investigation into the issues surrounding nuclear power under peer-review.
They did indeed use data from the nuclear industry as this tends to be high quality, being independently audited or peer-reviewed. They also consider data from nuclear detractors (Storm/Smith), geologists (Ken Deffeyes) and the companies that actually mine the uranium (Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton).
The fact that a study with no hidden agenda weighed the evidence and concluded that the anti-nuclear arguments were lacking and that the nuclear industry's have substance is noteworthy and I'm glad you acknowledge it, Miquel.
Interesting, so global warming isn't happening then, right? After all, only those pesky climate scientists say it is, and of course their research funding under the extremely liberal Bush administration is linked to them finding critical environmental problems that will cripple the fossil fuel industry, right?
How about peak oil, clearly that isn't happening either, as only the geologists and scientists say it is. For every scientists who believes this, Exxon can show you 50 hairdressers who do not.
Science isn't a popularity contest. 99.99% of the people who know anything about the field concluded that the Reimann hypothesis was true about 100 years ago, and yet a mere vote isn't enough, they still are trying to show it.
Here's my idea. If some tenured professor who answers to nobody (even his students perhaps), and spent his life studying a field you haven't the foggiest clue about says a thing is true, and the rest of these scientists agree with him, and they put their research out there where you could review it if you had the skills and inclination, perhaps it is more prudent to believe that it is probably true than to believe that it must therefore be false.
The greens and the right wing could really learn from each other, well, already have I guess. The greens complain about the wingnuts dismissing every shred of scientific evidence with respec to global warming, while simultaniously doing exactly the same thing with respect to nuclear power. Funny how life works.
Pardon, I now see that my post omitted some statements.
The observations I shared with TOD, which I'm quite sure other physicists on TOD share, was mainly about the behaveor and the way they argue. There is no room for doubt and they uncritically postulate that all problems will be solved within the necessary timeframe.
It's a slighly unintelligent and counterproductive retoric because it repels many people who may potentially be in favour of nuclear.
A somewhat amusing comment BTW. You know, there is quite a lot of academics who have studied the scientific community which more or less conclude, loosely speaking, that science in fact is a popularity contest. Of course, there are other scholars which oppose such views. I guess what you has been told about science mainly depends on who's outnumbering who :)
But of course, the above scheme is not absolute. Many times minor positions gain ground on basis of the contents of the arguments.
It's easier for "science" to avoid being a popularity contest in some fields. I'm not quite convinced that e.g. predictive climate science is one of them. Too much politics and orthodoxy.
(I'd briefly like to mention that i favour all carbon reducing measures. I live in norway, love tax.)
Seriously, bring on the holocaust deniers, I mean we apparently don't have any standards of reasonability here. If an anti-nuke says anything, and it's not the equivalent of "My cat's breath smells like catfood." CHECK YOUR FACTS!!!!!
99% of the time they are outright lying, or just understand nothing about the subject. Nuclear power has problems, availability of Uranium is NOT one of them. It is a settled question, far more so than "Global warming is happening.", maybe about on the level of "Smoking causes cancer." or something similar.
I mean, are we seriously going to start talking about EROEI of a resource that is conservatively pegged at around 100:1 (except by the anti-nukes, who claim it's more like 1:100)?
Time to whip out the clue stick. Much (probably most) of that energy is spent enriching, which has nothing to do with the grade of the ore, so even with really terrible ore, the situation won't get much worse than its spectacularly good level right now. Nuclear always had better EROEI than any fossil fuel, and always will.
Eh, whatever, why do I even bother.
Please calm down.
It is impossible for most of us here at TOD to discern real sources accurately. We are not experts in net energy analysis with several years of experience in the field.
Let's see what some experts have to say about nuclear (old style plants) EROEI.
Charles Hall: Nuclear (total system, probably old style plants) - around 10:1. Apparently not enough data exists to make accurate estimates. The around 100:1 figures are from industry, not from peer-reviewed sources. Need more data.[1]
Us Dept of Energy: EROI near 16:1. NB! The figures from various sources are not necessarily comparable. Problems with boundary definition are significant. [2]
Nuclear Energy industry: 47:1 to 59:1. Haven't checked sources to original sources, but look reputable on the surface (to a layman). [3]
"Green eco nutters" as they are often called here: c. 4:1 or possible systemic energy sinks. Many completely disagree and I'm not sure they are experts, but they do try to address the problem of "very wide boundary" systems.[4]
My apologies to anyone I've paraphrased. Any possible mistakes are mine and not intentional.
So, based on the data I'm able to find, the assertion:
Does more disservice to your argument, as 100:1 is more likely to be wrong than 10:1 is. The 100:1 figure, is not afaik substantiated by studies.
Or if you think it is not, can you please try to cite some sources.
BTW, I think the argument here should be SYSTEM EROEI, not fuel EROEI. That is the one that matters to us as a society on the short-to-mid term, although it may be possible to move closer to the theoretical fuel EROEI by taking into use better technology on the long term (less energy wasted in input and output).
[1] Charles Hall, Presentation at ASPO-USA 2006
[2] US Dept. of Energy
[3] http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf11.html
[4] http://www.mnforsustain.org/nukpwr_tyner_g_net_energy_from_nuclear_power...
PS I'm not and do not pretend to play an expert on the issue. I could be dead wrong on this, but this is what I've come across myself.
Those are also my thoughts.
I commented on this below, but the pro-nuclear posters are (mostly) neither polite nor very constructive.
Part of the response to a study I mentioned was: "They also appear to indulge in some magical thinking when it comes to the co-extraction of copper at the Olympic Dam mine which is quite amusing.". Condescending comes to mind.
About "Green eco nutters". I give this example(not representative):
http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/Nuclear-Energy-Recovery-TimeOct00.htm)
They state an EROEI of 13, very different from the 4-5 you cite.
The other one is a "more recent Life-Cycle Energy Balance analysis by the university of Sydney". "Life-Cycle Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Energy in Australia". They are not anti-nuclear at all, and their conclusions do favor nuclear, but they calculate a EROEI of ~10. That is using Australia's present 0,15% ore grade average, an optimistic assumption for the future.
They are treated as incompetent and ignorant by the poster that aswered.
The argument I think, does just that. But you have to consider EROEI for the fuel cycle in the process.
It is very difficult as you say, to sort out reliable sources. But 100:1 doesn't look right. Such a dream EROI would have made Nuclear really cheap no matter the technology costs and all the world would be building nuclear plants. I guess we'll know for sure only when the good ores are depleted. In a free energy market it has not proved that it is as cheap as they say. And the argument that environmentalists have the power to stop nuclear power development is ridiculous. The societies with most green activism have the most nukes. And I am sure China et al. won't be stopped by those pesky greens. So when the real energy crisis starts, look at what those countries without "greens" do.
When one is refuting the same obvious half truths, statistical misrepresentations and outright lies over and over, polite manners are often in short supply.
Are we talking about energy payback of fuel? If we are, then solar and wind has an unmeasurably high energy return. Or are we changing the subject again?
Again, energy return of 10 on the fuel is absolutely ridiculous, because today most of the energy cost is enrichment via centrifuge, where we got ore from similar grades fifty years ago with gasseous diffusion, 50 times more energy intensive.
The notion that energy return on fuel or systems is directly tied with the price has been bandied about forever, but it just aint so. Its a bastardized simplification of economics.