You can use seawater; it just doubles the investment because of the required materials. Also increases the required maintenance by a lot.

Cooling towers are not closed loop. A cooling tower system typically requires 5% of the water circulation as makeup. In a lot of areas even this amount of freshwater is unavailable; let alone a once-through system.

A true closed system is possible. Fin-fan units, ususally using a glycol mixture. It will cost a fortune though, which is why no one wants to do it.

Completely dry cooling systems that essentialy are large water to air heat exchangers are off-the-shelf systems and are for instance used for combined cycle gas turbine plants in deserts.