DrumBeat: June 16, 2006

Update [2006-6-16 9:57:45 by Leanan]: The invisible hand is hard at work. There's a flurry of stories today on how individuals, countries, and corporations are responding to high energy prices.

Detroit's Midsize SUV Problem

It's not just the mammoth SUVs that are suffering. The once-powerful midsize segment is also dwindling as gas prices rise and boomers age.
Russia to Build World’s First Floating Nuclear Power Station
Environmentalists are not pleased.

Rural Kenyan women on vanguard of African 'solar revolution'

Elizabeth Leshom may not know it, but she is among a legion of African women at the vanguard of what many hope will be a "solar revolution" that could empower them and help save the environment.

The 25-year-old Kenyan is part of a rapidly growing programme across east and central Africa that aims to replace or at least reduce traditional wood-fired cooking with efficient energy from the sun.

In Cape Cod, Massachussetts, a tidal power plant may join the proposed wind farms.

France boosts purchase rates to spur renewable energy: they are increasing the rates they pay for electricity from renewable sources.

Meanwhile, China plans to fill cars with ethanol made from tapioca.

Britain's new power plants to avert energy crisis. One will burn natural gas, the other will burn trash. (Don't know where they're going to be getting the natural gas.)

BP plans $37 billion energy investment in US, in the deep water of the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Rocky Mountains.

Update [2006-6-16 11:0:8 by Leanan]: Here's a good reason to make your power plants floating ones: Thawing permafrost could unleash tons of carbon

Ancient roots and bones locked in long-frozen soil in Siberia are starting to thaw, and have the potential to unleash billions of tons of carbon and accelerate global warming, scientists said on Thursday.
And Lester Brown has a plan for Meeting the challenge of Peak Oil. It's laid out in his book Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. If you don't want to buy a hard copy, he is offering free digital downloads (PDF and HTML) here.

Update [2006-6-16 11:44:9 by Leanan]: Also from Lester Brown: World Grain Stocks Fall to 57 Days of Consumption: Grain Prices Starting to Rise

This year’s world grain harvest is projected to fall short of consumption by 61 million tons, marking the sixth time in the last seven years that production has failed to satisfy demand. As a result of these shortfalls, world carryover stocks at the end of this crop year are projected to drop to 57 days of consumption, the shortest buffer since the 56-day-low in 1972 that triggered a doubling of grain prices.

Update [2006-6-16 12:43:24 by Leanan]: Are our cities making us fat?

DENVER - It’ll take more than public service campaigns to solve the nation’s obesity problem, according to fitness experts who say neighborhoods must be designed so people can get around without their cars.
Maybe we'd have more success spinning walkable neighborhoods as a health issue, rather than an energy conservation/environmental issue?
NET OIL EXPORTS AND DECLINERS

The Norwegian blogspot

http://energikrise.blogspot.com/

Has in two recent posts with diagrams in English (based upon BP Statistical Review 2006) shown the developments in net (oil) exports for the years 1985 through 2005 and declines in oil production from countries that have seen declining trends in oil production through the last 5 years (2001 - 2005).

Though production during 2005 increased by 0,9-1,0 Mb/d, net exports increased with less than 0,4 Mb/d. As net imports by countries within OECD and China increased in 2005, this suggests that the other countries collectively must have decreased their imports due to price increases during 2005 (demand destruction). This has been illustrated with a supplementary diagram within the post.

Some of the oil producers and exporters have been increasing their consumption, explaining why growth in production has been stronger than growth in net exports.

The more recent post illustrates how production has been declining for the countries that have a documented decline through the last 5 years (2001 - 2005).

Could this give an idea of how global oil production declines when it starts?

net exports increased with less than 0,4 Mb/d

Note that the recent 500,000 bpd decline in Saudi production, if it holds or get worse, would--all by itself--more than wipe out the entire gain in net oil exports last year.

You are right about that.

Add to the equation the possibilties of increased consumption within some of the producers and exporters, and it would not be unlikely that net (oil) exports declined through 2006.

And regarding EROEI, it culd be fair to assume that oil recovered now takes a little more energy than last year.

This could intensify the bidding war for oil later this year.

Normally demand is weaker through May and June, and picks up through the 3.rd quarter.

Oil companies going deep in Gulf of Mexico drilling

Improved technology, high prices drive deepwater exploration


Nearly three football fields long, the ship appears to be sitting idle on the turquoise blue waters of the Gulf of Mexico, perhaps even abandoned.

Beneath the deck, there's no such tranquility. A 200-person crew of geologists, engineers and technicians work around the clock at dimly lit keyboards, controlling every move of an adjoining oil rig as it uses an 16{-inch (41-centimeter) pipe to bore through the ocean floor.

The Chevron Corp. crew is developing a deepwater oil field 190 miles (305 kilometers) off the Louisiana coast projected to produce 100,000 barrels a day by 2008 and 500 million barrels overall. Each well willreach more than 26,000 feet (7,800 meters) below sea level.

It's the kind of deepwater discovery once thought to be out of reach, but with improved technology and climbing global oil prices, companies are spending billions developing oil fields the Interior Department says will substantially boost Gulf production.

Deepwater exploration _ done in depths of 1,000 feet (300 meters) of water or greater _ is also volatile, as companies face increasing development costs, a battle with the federal government over royalty payments and continued rig shortages

Gross display of power!


The thrusters help the ship withstand 20-foot (6-meter) waves, 80 mile(130-kilometer)-an-hour winds, and currents that would prevent traditional rigs from operating. The amount of power used to keep the ship stationary and drilling would light up 40,000 homes.

Another interesting tid-bit


Already there is an almost four-year waiting for drilling ships, according to a recent report energy consultant Howard Weil. The backlog prompted Chevron to have Transocean build another ship, to be ready in three years.

-C.

Hm... On the power necessary to keep the ship stable: Is this average power, or peak power? I'd expect average to be a small fraction of peak.

And homes don't use that much power. A car can use enough power to supply dozens of homes.

Chris

I wonder if they use a standard value for "homes?" ;-)

For what it's worth I recently heard a 50 MW powerplant described as enough for 100,000 homes ... so they think 500 watts draw on average for a home?

... and the 40,000 homes above would represent 20 MW

(though I know it's silly to expect a standard "home")

Not my house. Built 1931; Texas; 3200 sq.ft.
with an 1800 sq.ft. basement. 100 deg. days
in the summer = 8 tons of central
air conditioning.
According to the Washington Post, we have a glut of natural gas:

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/15/AR2006061502062.html

The whole world is talking about energy shortages, but for the moment, the U.S. natural gas business is looking at a potential glut.

Thanks in part to a warm winter, inventories of natural gas have built up to levels far greater than normal for this time of year. And terminals built to handle imports of liquefied natural gas from other countries are operating at about half of their capacity.

Sadly the article doesn't talk about anything beyond a year out.  

I have Johnathan Darley's book "High Noon for Natural Gas" sitting in my pile of books to be read..

The average decline rate of natural gas wells in the U.S. is 30%. The only reason we have a glut of natural gas is that we've been drilling new wells at a ferocious rate - the number of natural gas wells has doubled in the past year. Obviously, this trend cannot continue indefinitely.
Question:

I read on a financial website that the department of the interior claims there is enough natural gas located offshore to heat every home in America for 80 years.

All that's needed is an approval from the Government to drill and the natural gas crisis is over for the next 100 years or so.  

Is this pure hyperbole and/or guesswork, or is there actual science behind this claim?  

Often, this claim concerns what is called "deep gas" offshore in the Gulf. For example, from here.
Trapped more than 15,000 feet within the earth's crust, so-called "deep natural gas" represents a tremendous untapped domestic energy resource. Government studies estimate that there could be more than 20 trillion cubic feet of untapped deep natural gas deposits in the Gulf of Mexico-- about as much as is currently being produced from all areas in North America on an annual basis!

... Unfortunately, despite significant advances in deep gas technology, these prospects remain very challenging to find and develop successfully. Since 2001, Gulf natural gas production has decreased from 5,128 BCF to 4,175 BCF in 2003. Deep gas discoveries may help reverse this trend however: deep gas production increased from a relatively low 284 billion cubic feet in 2000 to 421 billion cubic feet in 2002.19

At this time and for the foreseeable future, most of this gas, if it is indeed there, is still effectively "stranded" despite what articles like Oil companies going deep in Gulf of Mexico drilling say. I would pay more attention to facts like this one, from the lastest ASPO-USA newsletter
Canadian gas production peaked at 17.4 billion cubic feet a day in 2001 and 2002, according to figures from the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. Large new discoveries of natural gas have become rare.
Other claims involve the western part of the Gulf nearer to Florida (dry holes and "sour" gas H2S) and completely unsubstantiated assertions about offshore California and the East Coast.

In other words, don't believe everything you read.

I was underwhelmed by Darley's book. I thought it was pretty much a repeat of Heinberg's The Party's Over only starting from gas rather than oil and not as well done. I didn't think he added anything to my understanding of the reasons for the impending problems in natural gas supply. YMMV.
What they fail to mention is that they now count the base gas (i.e. the gas that HAS TO REMAIN BEHIN in the caverns to provide structural pressure and integrity) in Louisiana as part of the reserve. They did not used to do that - they used to count only the gas that they could actually use.

This is a 44% difference!!!

Go figure.

You haven't really picked up on the faith-based theory of markets, yet, have you, Francois?

[grin]

Waiting for the lights to go out

Here is a fascinating article from last year. There are apparently a bunch of people out there who are convinced that the rate of innovation is slowing drastically.

One of the strangest portents of the end of progress is the recent discovery that humans are losing their ability to come up with new ideas.

Jonathan Huebner is an amiable, very polite and very correct physicist who works at the Pentagon's Naval Air Warfare Center in China Lake, California. He took the job in 1985, when he was 26. An older scientist told him how lucky he was. In the course of his career, he could expect to see huge scientific and technological advances. But by 1990, Huebner had begun to suspect the old man was wrong. "The number of advances wasn't increasing exponentially, I hadn't seen as many as I had expected -- not in any particular area, just generally."

Puzzled, he undertook some research of his own. He began to study the rate of significant innovations as catalogued in a standard work entitled The History of Science and Technology. After some elaborate mathematics, he came to a conclusion that raised serious questions about our continued ability to sustain progress. What he found was that the rate of innovation peaked in 1873 and has been declining ever since. In fact, our current rate of innovation -- which Huebner puts at seven important technological developments per billion people per year -- is about the same as it was in 1600. By 2024 it will have slumped to the same level as it was in the Dark Ages, the period between the end of the Roman empire and the start of the Middle Ages.

This does not bode well for the techno-cornucopian position that we will be able to innovate our way out of the Peak Oil box - for instance by developing fusion reactors that fit in the trunk of an electric car or something.

This contrasts starkly with Ray Kurzweil's notion of an imminent "Technological Singularity", a spritual/technological notion that a transcendence of the human condition through technology is both possible and desirable. Needless to say, Kurzweil disagrees vehemently with Huebner's conclusions.

The linked article goes into this in some depth, touching on such disparate topics as capitalism, globalization, ethics and the nature of progress. I recommend it to anyone who is interested in the future of the human race.

There are apparently a bunch of people out there who are convinced that the rate of innovation is slowing drastically.

And I am one of them.  Indeed, that's how I came to peak oil.  I always figured technology would save us.  Until I started wondering why we weren't colonizing other planets, like those 1960s SF TV shows predicted.

I came to the conclusion that The End of Science was real.  As for why...I think Tainter has the right explanation.  The low-hanging fruit is plucked first.  We're running out of low-hanging fruit.

We have discussed this before, more than once.  Someone posted a nice link to a Business Week story about it, but it's on my other computer.  And  Discover magazine had an article about it a few months ago, too.

I was just reminded about the Fermi Paradox: the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for or contact with such civilizations.  As I thought about it, I realized it dovetails neatly with my opinion about the Peak Oil endgame.

I've long been convinced that intelligent species exist, but only for very short periods of time cosmologically speaking. I now believe that those species probably exist near the peak of their technological capabilities for only an extremely short time, probably less than 500 years, depending mainly on their rate of reproduction (less fertile species exist longer).

The reason is twofold: first, we develop on spheres where stored resources are axiomatically finite, and secondly our techological development allows us to rapdly dominate all the resources of that sphere. This leads automatically to a situation of overshoot, where the easily available stored resources support exponential population growth, followed by a Malthusian collapse. The time required to enter that overshoot depends on three things - the availability of resources, the overall fertility of the species, and their ingenuity. A reduction an any of these factors leads to a broader curve (slower ascent and descent) without changing its fundamental shape.

I no longer see expansion into space as a saviour. the reason is that the growing ability to exploit local resources causes the population to start exploding well in advance of the development of pinnacle technologies like mass space flight. I also expect that the utilization of renewables would not play a major role in saving a species, because by the time the need to collect such diffuse energy was obvious it would be too late due to exponential population pressure and the depletion of the foundational stored energy sources.

I'm obviously guilty of massive anthropocentrism here, because my primary assumption is that intelligent species arise in conditions much like those we have here. Still, it seems like a reasonable first approximation.

Those with time to indulge in a little escapism might enjoy the recent SF novel Spin (by Robert Charles Wilson).  It employs Gliderguider's notion about brief windows for advanced civilizations as a key element in the story (sorry to give away a bit of it!).
It does seem like the Fermi Paradox has something important to say about a potentially harnessable source of infinite energy just waiting out in Nature to be discovered, to save an upcoming intelligent species from the sociobiological karma of its origins:  then where is it?  
So, the existence of the Fermi Paradox proves that Zero Point Energy is a chimera?  That's a useful notion.  I think :-)
Here's a fuller statement of the chain of logic about energy implied by Fermi's Paradox:

  • An intelligent, space-going species needs lots of energy if it is to persist.
  • Planetary resources and insolation are insufficient to permit such a species to persist.
  • Such a species needs access to small-scale, controllable, high-density energy.
  • Such an energy source must not depend on overly limited inputs - indeed, the less limitation on inputs (up to and including an infinite source) the better.
  • The availability of such an energy source is necessary (though admittedly not sufficient) to ensure the species' survival.
  • The lack of such an energy source will doom the species in short order.
  • The fact that we can detect no such species is a good hint that they don't exist.
  • They should exist, so the best explanation for the fact that they don't is that they existed at some point but did not persist.
  • The surest explanation for their lack of persistence is the lack of an appropriate energy source.

    Therefore, the existence of Fermi's Paradox proves that such an energy source does not exist.

    The conclusion:  Ultimately there is no way out of the finite-resource box.

  • Unless we're living in a simulation (groan) :-)
    I don't know the explanation for the Fermi paradox, but "lack of energy" doesn't make much sense to me. Stars are everywhere we look, pouring out inconceivable amounts of energy. Every second the sun puts out more energy than we use in a hundred years. Only a modestly higher technology level than our own would allow creating a solar-based economy that would be more than enough to get started on interstellar exploration.

    Given the enormous energies that are just barely beyond our grasp, it is hard to believe that no civilization anywhere could manage to bridge that gap and produce a solar-powered interplanetary and then interstellar civilization.

    Stars are also inconceivably far apart so that the energy density from those stars is extremely low throughout most of the universe, unless you happen to be close to one of those stars. If we built a solar-powered vehicle it would receive extremely little energy from the sun by the time it reached the outer planets of our solar system. Currently, the fastest space craft built would take 40,000 years to reach the nearest stars - the triple system Alpha Centauri. That doesn't take into account the extremely hostile environment of space - hard vacuum, radiation, micrometeorites, etc. At present, interplanetary space travel is a pipe dream. It would take radically new technology to make it feasible.
    (that's 80,000 years, round trip ;-)

    One clarification: a "space travelling species" beaming out lots of electronic signals is still the same species after it returns to the dark ages, right? It's just that we're no longer detectable to other civilizations with advanced receivers.  

          I think we need a fellow named Andy Libby...
    I think you mean interstellar travel. Interplanetary is routinely done now via robotic probes and is certainly feasible with manned spacecraft using the existing technological base.
    But but but!!!

    What about Dilithium Crystals?

    Zero point energy is a well-accepted phenomena in physics. It has been verified experimentally by the Casimir effect, and in other ways. However, what I think you mean is the notion of a "free energy" device that can tap into the zero point energy to produce usable energy. Claims of free energy devices are shams similar to perpetual motion machines.
    Yes, that's indeed what I meant.  I know about the Casimir effect, but the jump from there to perpetual energy machines or scalar energy weapons requires just a bit too much suspension of disbelief even for this old hippy.
    I think it is a mistake to appoint energy as the only crucial resource for the survival of intelligent species. Far more important IMO is the depletion of biological resources needed to sustain life. We can survive without cars but we can hardly survive without food.
    I understand your concerns and share them. Ironically, I think that the only viable solution is to expand into space yet I am unsure that we will ever possess the political will to do so until it is too late. Interestingly, we possess the technology to do much of what such an effort would entail but instead of doing it we are doing other things, including driving ourselves into a population overshoot crisis. In one sense, from an energy perspective, it's "raining soup" out there but if we as monkeys are not smart enough to fashion ladders to get there and bowls to collect it, I guess we don't deserve it.
    You've got to be joking. Manned space exploration is extraordinarily expense and a complete waste of scarce resources.
    I agree with that!
    Ten years ago I'd have disagreed violently.  Today, not so.  With the advent of robotic technology like we've seen in the Mars Rovers I'm much less convinced that a human presence is required (or even helpful), at least for the things we need to do in space over the short term. Even pure science requiring microgravity has been successfully automated.

    Actually, my main objection to manned space flight for research and exploration isn't that it costs too much, but that it takes too long.  We spend extraordinary amounts of effort (effort=time and money) trying to make sure nobody gets killed.  Launch a robot, and if it blows up on the pad nobody but the designers (and maybe the odd computerized kitchen blender) mourns.

    The usual reasons given for going further into space than geosynchronous orbit have generally been resources, energy and human diaspora.  All have been revealed as pipe dreams as we got past the gee-whiz stage of space flight.  I used to be a Solar Power Satellite fan, but lately the idea of spending that kind of money to beam microwaves through the atmosphere has pretty much lost its appeal for me.

    We do need lots of observation and communications satellites to keep an eye on our planet in crisis and to link those in remote places into the global village.  Beyond that, we have ground-level problems aplenty to spend the money on.  Manned  space exploration isn't going to mitigate the impact of $100 oil on villages in Botswana, or even Indiana.

    The "mission to planet earth" stuff impressed the heck out of me.  finding lost cities, etc.
    Unless we can keep our numbers in check once they fall back to something sustainable, we're fucked.  And evolution does not favor keeping our numbers in check.  Successfully getting into space, and gaining access to more solar energy and the other resources in out solar system, is our only way out of this problem in the long run...not that it would support unbounded growth, but it would give us a LOT more maneuvering room than we have now.
    This contrasts starkly with Ray Kurzweil's notion of an imminent "Technological Singularity", a spritual/technological notion that a transcendence of the human condition through technology is both possible and desirable. Needless to say, Kurzweil disagrees vehemently with Huebner's conclusions.

    I recently read The Singularity is Near. While I disagree with a lot of what Kurzweil wrote, and he didn't even address the problem of future energy supplies, that book is mind-blowing. It gives you something to think about. Regardless of what happens with PO, there are certainly some interesting times ahead. But I have to wonder if someday Kurzweil won't wake up and think "Energy supplies....Should have thought more about that".

    RR

    RR

    The rate of major advances in physics tapered off in the 20th century. There was Einstein's special and general relativity, quantum physics, field theories, the "standard model" of subatomic partcle physics, and now (possibly) string theory. Most modern technology is based on discoveries in physics (solid-state electronics is based on quantum physics of semiconductors, nuclear technology is based on particle/atomic physics, etc.) Without new fundamental physics, where would the new technology come from? Really, the only major outstanding problem in physics is the unification of the gravitational force with the other known forces. (This is what is hoped for with string theory.) It seems that we are close to the "end of physics", therefore, the end of radically new technology. We will continue to refine and expand what we have (to the extent that we aren't limited by resource scarcity) but where are the great new technological innovations going to come from?

    The only hope might be a big advance in fusion technology which allows cheap abundant energy, or some theoretical breakthrough in string theory (or some competing model) which gives us a much deeper physical insight and could lead to radical new technologies. At present, neither of these possibilities seem likely.